History Of Ancient Poetry Ghosh ( 1 ) - 995 Words

History of the ancient poetry GHOSH (1) The period of time of concerning 500-100AD in British history was characterized by foreign invasions and internal struggles. This resulted within the admixture of many races, tongues and cultures. Once the Romans departed from British Isles in 407 AD fighting continuing between the Picts and therefore the Scots who had lost their common enemy. The fifth century additionally saw conquests and therefore the gradual occupation by Germanic tribes - Angles, Jutes and Saxons - who had rapt north to Scandinavia and from there to Great Britain aside from creating conquests, these tribes most popular agricultural life, had sturdy family and social group ties, and were terribly loyal to their king or chief. The legendary King Arthur defeated the Saxons in 490 AD and for a few decades halted their advance. At the top of the sixth century, the Anglo-Saxons accepted Christianity once Pope Gregory sent Saint St. Augustine to Great Britain in 597 AD. (The Romans had introduced Christianity to the C elts centuries earlier.) This gave rise to some spiritual writings. At the top of the eighth century the Vikings (also called Norsemen or Danes) invaded the country, simply overcame the native inhabitants, and looted their estates. it absolutely was not till the reign of King the good (871 -900) that their advance was stopped. With their acceptance of Christianity, the Danes part merging in with the native individuals.Show MoreRelatedThe Modernity of Bollywood1582 Words   |  7 Pagesfinally be free from foreign influence and they were now able to express their identity and illustrate their culture (Rao, 2007). According to Nasreen Rehman, a historian of South Asian cinema, the term Bollywood emerged during the late 20th century (Ghosh, 2013). Although Bollywood is known for producing films in Hindi, the first silent film called Shree pundalik released is actually regarded as a film in Marathi, and not Hindi. Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra, which is where the cityRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesthe window to a plethora of writers. Salman Rushdie, fascinated the Indian intelligentsias with his remarkable understanding of Indian History, as well as unification of Indian history with language. This further paved the way to portray India with her sheer grandeur, tra dition, realities, myths, heritage in the most eloquent way. Perhaps this supported Amitava Ghosh to dabble the post colonial Indian realities while helped Vikram Seth to picturise a rather new India laced with an air of VictorianRead MoreThe Role of Women in Developing a Country1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing few lines are worth mentioning: â€Å"The wood is lovely, dark and deep I have promises to keep; And I have miles to go before I sleep And I have miles to go before I sleep† Published: December 26, 2007 Please Rate this Summary : 1 2 3 4 5 Rating : 1 2 3 4 5 Thank you for your rating Share * o Relevant Links: * o atiar_fmrp@yahoo.com Write your own Comment More About : the role of women in developing a country Ads by Google Good Economic NewsRead MoreIshwarchandra Vidyasagar2317 Words   |  10 Pagesà ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¿Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¯Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€"à ¦ ° Ishshor Chà ´ndro Biddashagor 26 September 1820 – 29 July 1891), born Ishwar Chandra Bandopadhyaya (Bengali: à ¦Ë†Ã  ¦ ¶Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ° à ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦ ° à ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¯Ã  §â€¹Ã  ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ §Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¯Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¯Ã  ¦ ¼, Ishshor Chà ´ndro Bà ´ndopaddhae), was an Indian Bengali polymath and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance.[1][2] Vidyasagar was a philosopher, academic, educator, writer, translator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer, and philanthropist. His efforts to simplify and modernize Bangla prose were significant. He also rationalized and simplified the BengaliRead MoreIdealism in Education2948 Words   |  12 PagesIDEALISM IN EDUCATION 01. INTRODUCTION Idealism is the oldest theory of philosophy. Its origin goes back to ancient India in the East and to Plato in the West. Generally, Idealists believe that ideas are the true reality. According to them, the human spirit is the most important element in life. Matter is not real. It attaches great significance to the study of man and his mind. It maintains that the material and physical universe is subordinate to a higher type of reality, a spiritual universeRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pages BHOPAL GAS DISASTER [ JANUARY - DECEMBER, 2006] Gas victims bodies celebrate judgement Organisations of Gas victims had celebrated favourable decisions from the Judge John F Keenan of the District Court of New York for the first time in the history of the case regarding the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal. On January 10, Judge Keenan had issued a letter rogatory for obtaining the documents from Eveready Industries India Limited that could potentially establish the nexus between this Indian

Autobiography Of Autobiography - 814 Words

Autobiography I was born and raised in a dysfunctional family. I have two brothers and three sisters growing up i didnt see the troubles of the world because they were always hidden from me, but my family was and is not perfect. My sister Olivia ran away with her boyfriend to mexico when she was twenty one years old and never came back, my sister Vicky is an alcoholic who never learns a lesson, my brother eddie beats his wife and kids and is also an alcoholic, my brother Tony was a drug addict, an alcoholic he did hard drugs such as cocaine, heroin, crystal meth,and about any drug you can think of he constantly put my family in danger because of the people he was affiliated with. Thankfully he is currently in a rehab center getting†¦show more content†¦Growing up I was always afraid because at the age of nine for the first of many times I was sexually abused by my biological father. It happened often and continued until I was sixteen. Because of my fear of talking to someone about what wa s occurring I turned to school and sports anything that would keep me away from home. In Elementary I wasnt a big fan of reading until Hurricane Katrina occurred I was in first grade and I remember my teacher telling the class about this hurricane who caused so much damage. When it was time for recess everyone began to run from me yelling at the top of their lungs â€Å"run its hurricane katrina we’re going to die† apparently i became the new â€Å" hurricane katrina† of the school. I was confused because well my name was not katrina it was karina but i was young and although they were all bulling me i didnt make a big deal out of it i just instead spent all my time in the library. I spent every recess reading the magic treehouse books they were the books i enjoyed reading the most. I would occasionally read horror books but not as often as fiction books i loved books with a happily ever after. On the other hand my first writing assignment that i remember putting so much time and effort in would be in middle school, seventh grade to be exact. Ms.J ourney had given us an assignment about an organization where people would donate their hair to cancer patients. Locks of love is the non-profit organization that provides hairpieces ofShow MoreRelatedAutobiography Sample610 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Does the task of memoir writing puzzle you? It’s alright. This autobiography example for students is here to show you that memoir writing can be easy and even exciting. All you need to do is to scroll this page down and enjoy this amazing sample and the related, practical hints. A Lazy Student Autobiography Example An autobiography is a story of your own life. Even if you think you don’t have much to include in your memoir, you can still make it quite interesting. Bill Gates said: â€Å"I always chooseRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages1 2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X Introduction Malcolm X?s autobiography written in collaboration with Alex Haley is an exciting story of personality transformation. During several years, Malcolm X told Haley his biography in several extensive interviews. Haley described and orchestrated the stories and Malcolm X edited and endorsed every part of the book. The story is narrated in the first person and it seems like Malcolm was writing this of hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1966 Words   |  8 Pages In The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin and Blaine McCormick we got a wonderful look into the life of Benjamin Franklin. In his story he taught use a lot about the world of business and how to run a successful business. In this essay I will be talking about some of the few things Ben Franklin said that really stood out to me and what I think they meant. Then, I will talk about his inventions and how those inventions had evolved today. Then, I will talk about Ben Frankl in 13Read MoreEssay Benjamin Franklins Autobiography 1120 Words   |  5 Pagesin the way that this legendary tale pans out. A hero of American Revolution, this novel depicts 18th century realism accurately while logging Franklins personal conception on human nature and social community. Many look at Benjamin Franklins Autobiography as your typical rags to riches tale yet, the truth and falsehood throughout the pages is unknown, raising many questions and concerns. As this book was written in segments over a stretched period of time, we must analyze this account of his lifeRead MoreEssay on Benjamin Franklins Autobiography1429 Words   |  6 PagesESSAY ON BEN FRANKLIN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography is an inspiring tale of his personal, as well as public achievement throughout his life. Franklin’s life embodies the exemplary model of a life composed of discipline, self-reliance and self improvement. From his humble beginnings as an apprentice candle and soap maker in his father’s business to a successful business man, author, philosopher, civil activist, politician scientist, inventor, and diplomat, above all BenjaminRead MoreSubjective Reality in Anne Carsons Autobiography of Red Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Carsons Autobiography of Red Anne Carsons Autobiography of Red is a world of subjective reality. Carson explores the relationship between subject and object through a reworking of an original Greek myth. The original myth is of Herakles, whos tenth labor was to kill Geryon, a red winged monster who lived on an island, and steal his cattle. Carson takes the insignificant character of Geryon and creates a story based on his life, as if set in modern times. Autobiography of Red entersRead More Autobiography of malcolm x Essay921 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X† by Alex Haley â€Å"Were not Americans. Were Africans who happen to be in America. We were kidnapped and brought here against our will from Africa. We didnt land on Plymouth Rock--that rock landed on us.† (Lord, Thornton, and Bodipo-Memba, 1992) Words like those above would engrave Malcolm X into the minds of Americans from all racial backgrounds and socio-economic classes. Malcolm X was certainly not one to mince words. America would come to remember him as â€Å"TheRead More Benjamin Franklins Autobiography Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pages In Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, Samuel Keimer is a character who represents the antithesis of Franklin. The development of Keimer not only improves the reader’s understanding of the minor character, but also of Franklin, the major character. Franklin makes a point of showing the reader each of Keimer’s faults and contrasting them with his own merits.When Keimer is first introduced to the reader, he is in very much the same circumstances as Franklin; they are two young men trying to make aRead MoreThe Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman1277 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, used many historical events to connect to the character s story. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman was published by Bantam Books in 1972 and has 259 pages. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is a classic fictional book. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is the story if a women’s life told when she was over one hundred years old. The novel goes over 3 main periods of time: war years, reconstruction, and slavery. In The Autobiography of MissRead MoreThe Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman Essay647 Words   |  3 PagesThe Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman In the novel The Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman, there were many different stories about JanePittmans life. In the movie there were not as many stories as the novel, but they were still quite interesting. The novel and the movie had many similarities and differences. Some of the similarities were very noticeable. Just from the beginning, in both the movie and the novel, Ned carried the two rocks that made the fire for Jane and Ned. Ned then

How does Shakespeare use language, characters and dramatic devices to evoke sympathy for Juliet, in act three scene five Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare use language, characters and dramatic devices to evoke sympathy for Juliet, in act three scene five? Essay Act 3 scenes 5 evokes Shakespeares pity from the audience in many ways the use of language, characters and dramatic devices creates the general feeling of sympathy for Juliet. I personally feel Shakespeares best use way of provoking sympathy is through the use of the character Capulet and how he uses isolation and manipulation to turn others against Juliet. We first feel sorry for Juliet with in seconds of this scene when Romeo, her true and passionate lover, must quickly leave her as he is banished and Juliets mother is coming. As Romeo and Juliet are together on the balcony Juliet has a premonition that Romeo will die and says as one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale. The audience feel discomfort and sorrow, as this will remind the audience of the truthful prologue. Her premonitions and quick parting from her husband, who has doubt they will ever see each other again, leads the audience of both modern and Elizabethan society to feel sorrow and to be filled with sympathy for Juliet. The audience continues to feel sorry as this is one of the first times they have a substantial speaking scene with lady Capulet and she enters by banging loudly on the door desperate to get in. It works well in getting the audience to feel sorry for her as her mother has no idea of the relationship between her daughter and Romeo meaning they are not close and do not understand one and other. Shakespeare also has the use of language to help him provoke sympathy for Juliet Lady Capulet senses Juliets sadness and believes it to be for her cousins recent murder she uses the line but much of grief shows still some want of wit. It is as though she is saying being this sad is stupid. It also shows how patronizing and what a turbulent relationship with her parents she has. Whilst her nurse treats her like an adult her mother treats her like a child calling her stupid and under developed. Yet the things she has been through makes her seem older and more mature, she is to be married to an older man, Paris, yet has just married Romeo who was also older. All of this is something you would expect in an adult experienced in life and relationships, not a young teenager. This re-enforces the sympathy from the audience the ignorance shown from her mother towards Juliet and the recent events of her life. This shows the lack of communication between Juliet and her mother. It shows how cold their relationship is. The audience realises just how little information is shared in their relationship as Lady Capulet believes it is the loss of her cousin that has sent her into this depression when it is actually the loss, pity and regret of Romeo her true love. This shows the turbulent relationship she faces and how she seems to have no solid friend or thing to lean on. Shakespeare uses irony showing the audience the true ignorance of Lady Capulet. This is when Lady Capulet decides to have Romeo killed and Juliet is forced to go along with it so as not to seem as though she has feelings or views other than pure hatred for him. In return for the line keep Tybalt satisfied; Juliet replies, indeed I never shall be satisfied. It is taken by Lady Capulet as a way of showing Juliet showing hatred towards Romeo yet it could be interpreted by the audience as the feelings of Juliet towards everyone but him that she will never be satisfied until he is in her arms. The audience would pity Juliet for this because she must pretend to hate and deny her lover for Romeo, whose life she fears for mere minutes ago. It would be considered odd in a modern day society that a girl of fourteen could feel so passionately for a boy of only sixteen, as usually at this age girls commit to nothing so serious. This in turn could again provoke sympathy as it shows just how strongly she feels for Romeo and how broken hearted she is at his exile, it also shows how worried she is for him, that he is constantly top priority on her mind. However in the times in which Shakespeare wrote this play it is much more normal for a girl to be married so young. As forced or arranged marriages were much more the norm, this would mean the feelings for Romeo would not be taken so much to heart by the Elizabethan audience as they are to those of modern times. All the world's a stage - from Shakespeare's As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7 EssayOne of the most important characters in the play, not only this scene, is the nurse. She provides Juliet with, what seems, her only friend through out. She is the only one, minus Romeo, who is in knowledge of her forbidden marriage, when the nurse says, whilst alone and under no obligation of Capulet, I think you happy in this second match, Juliet has lost her only friend and is now alone and isolated. I feel some of the most sympathy would be evoked for Juliet in this because they would see just how alone and desperate she is. This isolation is also a common factor of modern day suicide, the feeling of loneliness, the fact Juliet must now control all her feelings and emotions and keep everything to herself is a very clear and suicidal move written by Shakespeare. Juliet becomes more apparently suicidal as she begins to be withdrawn and in agreement with the nurse, in the Baz Luhrmann production Juliet is shown saying amen as a watery almost none compliance saying almost with no meaning, yet I feel it could also mean that she is doing it as a was of saying I agree to all of the past speech and that she means what she says about how she would rather be dead than be with Paris. Juliet continues after the nurse leaves with if all else fail, myself have the power to die. It is now clear how desperate and suicidal Juliet now is and that she has lost what seems the will to live. The audience now feels shock and desperation for her, as they realise how the prologue is slowly unravelling. In conclusion we realise that as a modern audience we have hugely different points of sympathy and views to that of an Elizabethan society. Whilst this society would pity many of the pressures and unstable knowledge of her place with both her family and her place in the society she lives in alone. An Elizabethan may feel she should accept her place being less in control and understanding how she is to marry and bare children. We are also sickened be Capulets abuse and use of women and how he feels his sex makes him dominant of the household the shakespearian audience may feel this the norm also as the globe theatre in those days was more populated by men. This scene, I feel, is a turning point in the play it is where a risking but generally joyus life is catapulted to a suicidal mad town of fear, devastation and realisation of the things expected of a girl so young yet perceived as so old. From when she is spoken over like a child yet expected to marry and commit like many people do in there late life-wise twenties. Not only does this scene evoke sympathy for Juliet s does it for the nurse and lady capulet and all others under the reign of Capulets dominating power. We realise that it is from these fatal loins of the two familys that the true sadness and forbidden love of two star crossd lovers and their tragic tale form and create one of the greatest love stories of all time.

Tigers Effect on the Ecosystem free essay sample

There are many factors that are limiting the strength of our ecosystem. These factors have made many environments around the world very vulnerable. The main ecosystem I will focus on will be the habitats that tigers live in. More specifically I will focus on the effects that tigers have on their ecosystem and what would happen if tigers we to unfortunately go extinct. The tiger is one of the biggest components in its ecosystem besides for humans. Without tigers in their ecosystem their environment would completely fall into disarray(4). To fully understand how the tiger effects it`s ecosystem you must fully know the status of this animal as of right now. Less than one hundred years ago tigers roomed most of Asia. They could be found from the forests of eastern Turkey and the Caspian region of Western Asia, all the way to the Indian sub-continent, China, and Indochina, south to Indonesia, and north to the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East(4). We will write a custom essay sample on Tigers Effect on the Ecosystem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately now tigers are found in only thirteen range states which is only 7% of their original land. These states consist of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam(1). From this land loss we have lost nearly 97% of our wild tiger population. There are as few as 3,200 tigers remaining(4). Now I must describe these magnificent animals. Today most tigers appear similar. The upper part of the animal ranges from reddish orange to ochre, and the under parts are whitish. The body has a series of black striations of black to dark grey color. The characteristic stripe patterns differ from one individual to another and from one side of the cats body to the other. In fact, there are no tigers with identical markings. Males exhibit a characteristic ruff (lengthened hairs around the neck), which is especially marked in the  Sumatran tiger. Some  Bengal tigers  are cream or white instead of orange, due to a recessive gene for this coloration called white tigers, they also have a pink nose and blue eyes. A tiger’s size will depend on the subspecies and gender, body length (including the tail) is 140-300 cm and males of the largest subspecies, the  Amur (Siberian) tiger, may  weigh up to 300 kg, while males of the smallest subspecies, the  Sumatran tiger, range from 100-140 kg. Within each subspecies, males are heavier than females. So how exactly do tigers fit into their ecosystem? A tiger is said to be called as an apex predator, which means an indicator of our ecosystem’s health(1). As the tiger is on the top of the food chain, it becomes the symbol for protection of all species on the Earth. An example of the way that the tigers ecosystem is this; an autotroph (grass) is eaten by a heterotroph (rabbit). After that rabbit has eaten the grass it scampers off and is eaten by a tiny fox. After the rabbit is eaten by the fox the fox is hunted and eaten by a wolf. Finally after the wolf eats the fox a tiger comes and eats the wolf. This will finish the cycle of food. As you can see the tiger has no natural predators. Besides the human beings that is. This leads me to the everyday threats that tigers face. First off we will star with the natural things that limit how well the tiger will succeed in everyday life. The biggest and most dangerous factor to the tiger’s life is poachers. Every part of the tiger, from whisker to tail, is traded in illegal wildlife markets. Poaching is the most immediate threat to wild tigers. In relentless demand, their parts are used for traditional medicine, folk remedies, and increasingly as a status symbol among wealthy Asians. There are usually limited resources for guarding protected areas in the countries where tigers live. Even countries with strong enforcement of tiger protection laws fight a never-ending battle against poaching. In Indochina and China, poaching is so pervasive that thousands of hectares of forests stand empty of tigers. The impact from the death of a single tiger at the hands of poachers reaches beyond one single loss(5). If the tiger that was killed was a female with cubs, her cubs will likely die without their mother and the females potential for future breeding is lost(5). If a male is killed, his death can result in intensive competition for his territory among surviving males in the population, creating disruption in further breeding by those males. People also kill tigers without knowing. Humans do this by hunting or catching the tigers prey. This in turn lowers the tiger’s food supply that can hurt them. The territory of a single tiger may cover 25 to 300 sq. miles depending on the availability of prey. When the population of prey decrease, the more territory a single male tiger needs to occupy, and when humans continue their acts of deforestation (through burning or cutting down trees), there will be less habitat for the tiger(5). And since each single tigers needs such a big territory, the reduction of the habitat would mean the reduction of tigers because the land area will not be big enough for so many tigers. All of these impacts on these tigers not only hurt their population of tigers but the economy of the local people. Most countries that have tigers are relatively poorer than most. Tigers help this countries and local people a lot. They will get rid of the locals other predators that might kill them (the people) or their livestock(1). Another way tigers help out their ecosystem is by brining tourism to places that harbor tigers. They do this by millions of people wanting to see them in their natural habitat. In turn tons of people visit these places with tigers each year for tours, trips, and other adventures(1). By doing this a lot of money and income is brought to the people living in these areas with tigers. As you can see tigers are a very important part of the ecosystem. They are very endangered and hurt even though they do so much for the economy, the people, and the food chain(2). So how can we help these poor animals for all the ways they have helped us? We must end the demand for tiger parts by informing consumers of tiger products to change their habits. We must stop the bleeding and ramp up anti-poaching measures and maintain and enforce laws banning tiger products. By protecting tiger habitat we must protect existing parklands, establish new protected areas for tigers and create corridors that connect parklands and allow tigers to roam to find adequate prey and mates for breeding(2). Continued learning about critical tiger wildlife research and monitoring techniques, which help improve tiger conservation methods, reduce human-tiger conflict, and keep track of which tiger populations need help the most. Reducing human-tiger conflicts we can provide innovative solutions and educational programs to reduce conflict between tigers and local communities(2). Works Cited 1. http://wwf. panda. org/about_our_earth/teacher_resources/best_place_species/current_top_10/lion. cfm 2. http://www. savetigersnow. org/ 3. http://wwf. panda. org/about_our_earth/biodiversity/ 4. http://worldwildlife. org/species/tiger 5. http://worldwildlife. org/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade

The Journey In To Kill A Mockingbird free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper The thought of the journey is a repeating subject within American literature. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a piece of literature that addresses the subject of the journey ( though it is more of a psychological and emotional journey than a physical one ) . In To Kill a Mockingbird, the journey takes the signifier of a immature miss s ( Scout s ) realisation that the universe is non as Nice of a topographic point that she thinks it is. Scout s self-enlightening journey begins when her male parent, Atticus takes Tom Robinson s instance. Tom Robinson is a black adult male who has been accused of ravishing a white miss ( Mayella Ewell ) . Mayella and her household are the castawaies of Maycomb ( the little Alabama town where the town takes topographic point ) chiefly because of the manner they live and their unconventional behaviour ( i.e. the kids merely attend the first twenty-four hours of school: He s one of the Ewells, mom am, whole school s full of mutton quad. We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey In To Kill A Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They come first twenty-four hours every twelvemonth and so go forth. ( 27 ) ) Most of the town knows that Tom didn Ts truly ravish Mayella, but they can t acknowledge this to themselves because if they did, they basically would be acknowledging that Mayella, a white miss, was lying and that would non hold been acceptable. They would instead impeach Tom, a black adult male, because that is justifiable in their heads ( in that that sort of behaviour is to be expected from person like him ) . Scout s mundane life experiences are at the caprice of the town when Atticus takes the instance. The townsfolk are ruthless when it comes to reminding Scout of their sentiment of Atticus and what he has done. Scout s first experience with their animus happens at school. He [ Cecil Jacobs ] had announced in the school yard the twenty-four hours before that Scout Finch s dada defended niggas. I denied it but told Jem. ( 74 ) Lookout does non truly understand what Atticus is making or the gravitation ( during that clip period, the 1930 s ) of what he is making. Scout even faces ridicule from household. At Christmas, Scout, Jem, and Atticus go to Finch s Landing to pass it with Aunt Alexandra, Atticus sister. It is at that place that Scout finds that even her ain household disapproves of her male parent s behaviors. Her cousin Francis says I guess it ain t your mistake if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I m here to state you it surely does mortify the remainder of the family- ( 83 ) Lookout demands to cognize what he means but all Francis continues to make is name Attic us a nigger-lover. Scout s response is I don t know what you re talkin about, but you better cut it out this ruddy hot minute! ( 83 ) Even the grownups in the vicinity take their bend goading Scout and her brother. Mrs. Dubose tells the kids Your male parent s no better than the niggas and rubbish he works for! ( 102 ) From all of these remarks, Scout realizes that all of these people have turned against her and her male parent. This is really confounding for her because she had had a friendly ( or at least slightly apathetic ) relationship with most of them. This is when the realizatio N that the universe is non truly a really friendly topographic point starts to drop in. The realisation becomes steadfastly implanted in Scout s head before and after Tom Robinson s test. The dark before the test Tom is moved to the Maycomb gaol. Jem and Scout see Atticus leave the house and follow him to the gaol. They see Atticus discoursing with a group of work forces who appear to be hostile towards their male parent. What they experience and witness there makes Scout see that people she had once trusted and thought of as friends, had turned against her male parent. One of the work forces in the crowd is Mr. Cunningham, a adult male with whom her male parent often helped with legal affairs. Scout approaches him and attempts to get down a conversation with him, foremost about his boy Walter ( with whom she attends school with ) and so about his deduction. All of her efforts at get downing a conversation fail and she can t figure out why. She is wholly unmindful to the fact that the work forces are at that place to harm her male parent. She merely can non conceive of any organic structure desiring to harm her male parent. During the test, all the grounds points towards the fact that it was Mr. Ewell, and non Tom Robinson who beat Mayella up. However, the jury finds Tom guilty. From this finding of fact, Scout sees how unjust the universe can be. She does non see this on her ain but from the words of others. Jem repeatedly says It ain t right. ( 212 ) After the test is over, Scout thinks that life will travel back to normal. She is mistaken in this idea, though. The twenty-four hours after the test, Bob Ewell meets Atticus on a street corner and tongues in his face. The biggest daze of all though comes at Halloween. The school is seting on a pageant for the town and Scout is to be a jambon. The show goes good. Afterwards, Jem and Scout are waking place through a dark field. Scout has forgotten her places at the school and is still have oning her jambon costume. Jem tells her that they will travel back in the forenoon for her places because it is difficult for her to walk in the costume and it is already late. While they are walking place, Jem thinks he hears person following them and halt to listen. He dismisses the idea and they continue walking. This happens a few more times. The last clip it happens though, the individual who is following them runs up behind them and assail them. Jem ends up interrupting his arm and Scout is severely shaken. It turns out that the individual who attacked them was Mr. Ewell. He wanted retaliation on Atticus and decided that the best manner to acquire it would be to kill his kids. Mr. Ewell is the chief factor in Scout s realisation. Through her many experiences with other people, Scout realizes that the universe is non ever a friendly topographic point and that it can turn on you in the wink of an oculus. To Kill A Mockingbird does an first-class occupation of portraying a kid s loss of artlessness through a psychological and emotional journey. American literature is filled with different types of journeys, some more nonliteral than others, as is the instance in To Kill A Mockingbird.

Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Example

Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Example Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Ping sweeps and port scans are two techniques that a malicious computer user such as a hacker can utilize to compromise an Enterprise networks security and gain access to their proprietary data. For example, private email messages can be forwarded to a rogue destination email address: Done by installing a virus program into a user’s email client through a discovered active computers open TCP/IP IMAP port (port number 143) that is not being currently used by that user (Clarke, 2008). The virus then could take advantage of security vulnerabilities in that users email client program and forward emails from that users inbox over to another destination email address without them knowing about it. Therefore, in light of such exploits as just described it is vitally important to address and mitigate the security problem to an Enterprise network from ping sweeps and port scans that can be incurred from outside sources by the use of strong Firewall protections. To better comprehend the danger that ping sweeps and port scans can represent here is a more detailed explanation of each of these techniques. Ping sweeps First, a ping is a computer network utility tool using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to send multiple data packets to a target host device such as server, workstation, or printer to establish whether that host device on a network is actively present (turned on, or active) and able to communicate. If the target host device in question sends back a reply then that device is determined to indeed be active on the network. So therefore, a ping sweep is number of pings that are executed to determine which out of a range of IP addresses map over to live host devices (Rouse, 2005). To perform this task there are several available software tools to choose from, such as fping, gping, and Nmap for UNIX systems. Also, there is Rhino9’s Pinger software and SolarWinds Ping Sweep for Windows systems. After using such a tool a malicious user can know which host devices on a network are actively available and then proceed to performing a technique called a port scan to try to gain access to those devices. Port Scanning Port scanning is technique used to identify any open or closed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) network communication ports or services on a network host device. For example, port number 110 is assigned to Post Office Protocol three (POP3) for email client application communications on a network. There can be up to 65,000 ports any one computer or host device and any unused open ports as determined by a port scan may allow a malicious user unauthorized access to it. This is akin to an open window in a house whereas a burglar can gain access to it (Facts about port, ). Also, accessive port scanning can lead to a denial of service (DoS) attack and not allow authorized users to access their data. Finally, there are again several utility tools available to perform port scanning such as Nmap as mentioned previously or SolarWinds Port scanner. Firewall To mitigate the security threat posed by ping sweeps and port scans it is highly recommended that firewall protection on all network hosts devices should be enabled to close any unused ports to protect them from unauthorized access. Also, is recommended that the use of a firewall server to protect the network from any outside intruders be used as well. In conclusion, ping sweeping and port scanning can threaten the security of a Business Enterprises network and steps to handle security should be implemented to mitigate as much as possible any possibility that any data is kept confidential, that its integrity remains intact, and is always available.

Evaluate how far Jinnikins Jeans would benefit from extending employee Essay

Evaluate how far Jinnikins Jeans would benefit from extending employee 'voice' - Essay Example 2. Overview of the impact of employee voice on Jinnikins Jeans The underlying theory behind employee voice is that employees have sufficient interests, skills and knowledge to engage in business decisions. Unlike what management experts previously assumed, it is becoming increasingly clear that even non-investors ought to make decisions (Gollan, 2006). Since workers dedicate a significant part of their lives within certain organisations, then it only comes naturally that their work would define them. At Jinnikins, some of the employees have been working for the company since they left university. Therefore, it makes sense to include them in decision-making processes. Employee voice has four distinct functions in any given organisation. It may allow the employee to express dissatisfaction with the organisation or management. Currently, such a platform seems to be lacking at Jinnikings. Most of the individuals in the organisation do not have an avenue for expressing their misgivings. T he case study states that several employees in the headquarters are worried that they might lose their jobs just like their counterparts in the UK factory. Furthermore, some feel marginalised by senior level executives concerning operations of the business. This was especially true for Lionel, the production director. If the company does not provide avenues for expression of dissent, then employees could look elsewhere. Businesses need employee voice in order to enjoy collective organisation. Unionisation and membership in other employee interest groups allows members to express collective concerns to which their employers can respond. Jinnikings feels it is a reasonable employer, which pays above average salaries and fosters communality. Therefore, it sees no need for collective bargaining. However, employees are already planning to join a Works Council, and this could throw the company off track if it does not prepare in advance. Senior executives, Trevor and George are quite appr ehensive about unions. In fact, they outsourced their operations because of this aspect (Mathews, 2012). The company needs to address this matter before it overwhelms them. Firms need employee voice because it facilitates the contribution of employees in management decision making. This implies that they can handle aspects like productivity, quality and organisation better using such a voice. Problem solving will spread across the organisation if firms foster participation (Van Dyne et al., 2003). Jinnikins appears to need this form of participation in decision-making. Currently, the two senior executives make all the decisions, which leads to a backlog in introduction of new ideas. Furthermore, it wastes a lot of time and frustrates the creative energy of the enterprise by creating all this bureaucracy around decisions. Clearly, the firm needs to rethink this approach in the future. Even critical elements of planning, like recruitment and selection or redundancy planning, are often in the hands of senior executives. They often select individuals based on the person they know rather than their work. As a result, the company has a backlog of redundant staff that they cannot get rid of. This reliance on the executive for most decisions has even led to difficulties in eliminating these staff. Instead of relying on guidelines for getting work done, managers have to second-guess. The highhanded approach of the two executive brothers has caused

Business Plan For A Company In The Food Industry. Ricer Essay

Business Plan For A Company In The Food Industry. Ricer - Essay Example The services will be based cash on delivery and cash with order. Ricer’s services will be commonly known as Ricer Vending Units. The original trial was conducted in October 25th, 2012 which was highly applauded by most residents within the city and projected to be a success once it will be launched. The business intends to expand gradually through franchises to other cities and states in the next ten years. Market Analysis The business is projected to be worth  £ 250,000 which will serve the local markets that are vast and well segmented. The population consists of 50.6% of female and 49.4% of men while the median age is around 34.8 years and the entire working population is 311,300 and the residential population goes at 506,800 according to statistics done in mid 2009. The City has a higher young age profile which will form an essential market for the Ricer’s products. This profile of the population reveals that the target consumers will most likely be the young and vibrant students and the working group. Thus the products will be distributed near colleges and University campuses, weekend markets and other convenient places such as leisure parks (Daniels, 2002, p. 53). Strategy and Implementation Ricer aims to create a brand recognition using its Ricer vending Units through positioning strategically in the entire business district within the city. Upon achieving the brand recognition, the services will be provided and eventually they will be available in major superstores and supermarkets (Stokes and Wilson, 2010, p. 3). Moreover, Ricer will then provide franchises to foster further expansion. 1.5 Management The Ricer will be owned by two ladies with massive experience in the business management, product promotion and hospitality industry. The pioneers are based from two different diversities which include; Chinese culture and the English culture. They were previous staff of a renowned restaurant in the world having worked for about ten years. They intend to employ other staff to help them in the preparation and distribution of food to the target market in the streets. 1.6 Financial Plan Ricer is projected to have a formidable starting financial base even though it will need extra funding to accomplish its goals and objectives. According to the analysis of the forecasts the revenue from the business is expected to grow to ? 7.5 million by year 5 and subsequently to ? 15.75 million by year 10 with an EBITDA amounting to ? 5 million by year 5. An initial survey from the streets it was determined that the firm would need to sell 75 meals to breakeven. The profound financial strategy ascertains that the firm will be more favorable as an acquirement for exit (Bhide?, 2000, p. 5). 1.7 Start-up funds and expenses This business plan will attract the following start up funds and start-up expenses. Start-up Expenses Legal ? 250 Marketing consultants ? 750 Design costs ? 2,500 Payroll expenses ? 12,000 Fuel costs ? 2,500 Business and Liability cover policy ? 5000 Total Expenses ? 23000 Start-up Assets Cash needs ? 250,000 Start-up Inventory ? 50,000 Other Short term assets ? 25,000 Total Short Term Assets ? 25,000 Non-current Assets ? 50,000 Total Assets ? 400,000 Start-up Funding for the fast food firm Investment for the business Rickrosly ? 150,000

ACCOUNTING FINAL EXAMANTION OF CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORT Research Paper

ACCOUNTING FINAL EXAMANTION OF CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORT - Research Paper Example Comparable store sales were lower in 2010 in comparison with 2009 despite having higher customer traffic. The company made adjustments to increase its profitability by having better inventory management and lower inventory shrinkage. The accounting firm that performed the independent auditor report was Earnest & Young LLP. The auditors did not find any problems or exceptions in the financial statement of the company. The opinion o f the auditing firm is that the financial statements are fairly presented in all materials respects. I did not find any new terms in the financial statements of the company. The annual report included the four major financial statements which are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flow, and statement of stockholder’s equity. I found the presentation of the financial statement to be cleared since the company utilized the standard financial

The use of a counselling approach

The use of a counselling approach This essay will critically assess the use of a counselling approach which might be appropriate for supporting an identified client through the process of change or coping with stress and Illness. This will be achieved through considering the counselling skills and counselling approaches and also considering how the practitioner will use the chosen approaches to support the client. The essay will also be looking at how the approach will be used with other aspects of intervention relevant for the service users.   The chosen client is a young child, who is of the age of 6 who is currently in primary school. The special needs co-ordinator who is working alongside the client feels that the child in question is withdrawn from the rest of the class and this could possibly be due to a speech and language difficulties that the child may be suffering from. The special co-ordinator will be using art as a form of  counselling the child, alongside using the transactional analysis approach (TA) which inter-links with the psychodynamic approach.    The special needs co-ordinator was particularly used for this child over the other professionals such as a teacher assistant because the special needs co-ordinator is able to give the child regular periods of individual help, by raising the childs self-esteem this is through classroom activities such as creative arts (Szwed, 2007). For example story telling would be used by the child through puppets whereby the child would use the puppets to act out a story, this would allow the special need co-ordinator to identify how the child may be feeling through their thought process through their imagination (Wright, 1995).   It is important to understand that as children are seen to be vulnerable, that the right professional is chosen for them, as the special needs co-ordinator will be working with the child on a daily basis, the child will feel secure and is able to express how they are feeling, this will not only help the child but also the professional to, as the professional is able to gain information from the child, but also the child will feel secure (as they will feel conformable to talk to the professional) and able to recover quickly from their illness (The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, 2011). Certain skills and training is required by the specials needs co-ordinator in order to support the child. For example as the special need co-ordinator is using art for counselling the child, the professional needs training on how they can interpret the art that the child has made. This is   important because if for example the child draws a firework, that could either represent the child being happy or the child being sad as they are frighten from it, however these skills by the professional only comes when training and support is provide to them (Hegarty, 1993) However, there are many problem that a child may be faced with when dealing with a special need co-ordinator. It is important that the special needs co-ordinator support both the child and the family this is because the family may feel neglected into the stages of the child development so it is important that the professional at all times informs the parent of what happening with the child (Lindsay and Dockrell, 2000)   It is essential that the professional make sure that the child needs and want are paramount this is important because the professional needs to make sure that certain barrier are not crossed and know what the limits are. For example the child may feel enhinder by the special needs co-ordinator because he/she is sitting to close to the child and the child may feel that he/she is not getting treated the same, this could be a result of peer pressure through being teased by the other children (Croll and Moss, 2000)   There are many different approaches that can by used when supporting a client who is going through the counselling process, some of which include the psychodynamic, humanistic and behavioural approach. However for the purpose of this essay, it will be focusing on the psychodynamic approach, which focus on the border picture of the therapeutic approaches (This session was introduced in the counselling module in Week 8 on 24/11/10) (The Counsellors Guide, 2011). For example the psychodynamic approach would by used on a child to try to get them to bring their feeling to the surface, so that the child is understood and can experience their feelings (Hood, 2008) The Psychodynamic approach looks at the principle of that everyone has an unconscious mind. It believes that everyone who has a feeling which is held by the unconscious   part of the mind find it painful to face their feeling. An example of this within children are that children can become very in-denial of their illness or condition. The development of psychodynamic therapy was introduced by a man called Sigmund Freud (Shaver and Mikulincer, 2005) This approach identified that the humans personality can be divided into three components of the Id, Super-Ego and Ego, through the three domains of the mental activity of the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious (Segrist, 2009). For example the special needs co-ordinator will chose a specific art activity as a way of looking at how the development in the childhood process has had an impact on the child today (Kaplan, 2007)   The transactional analysis approach is an approach that incorporates both the theory of psychotherapy and psychology, however the transactional analysis is based on a integrative model whereby it uses an element of cognitive and psychoanalytic approach but it mainly focuses on the psychoanalytic approach. The transactional analysis approach was developed by a psychiatrist Eric Berne in the late 1950s (Hargaden and Sills, 2002).    According to Berne everyone has three behavioural characterises, which are the adult, parent and child, these are referred to as ego states. The child ego states looks at the way in which the child thinks, feels and behaves from the first few years of their life. For example, for a child it will be looking at how the child has survive through life to reach the stage that they are now (Stewart, 2007) Whereas the adult ego looks at the thinking, feeling and behaviour in the way which is appropriate with what is actually here and now. For example how a persons bereavement process is after losing a love one, through the feeling, thinking and behaviour (Pitman, 1982) However the parent ego looks at how you can copy and borrow from parent and other grown-ups through a variety of social influences such as the media. An example of this would be when a child behaviour changes through a influence of a adult peer due to peer pressure or role models (Midgley, 1999)   For example this approach in relation to the child is saying that the child always has an adult inside them and can experience different characteristics, for example they can show empathy by acting like the adult (Killick and Schaverien, 1997).    Transactional analysis is used on children so that they are able to understand their own emotions and how this affects the childs behaviour. For example the transactional analysis approach would be used on a chid who may have a speech and language difficulty by using drawing to express how the child maybe feeling. For example, when the child has drawn the picture if he/she is feeling anything different and if he/she does feel different, what is it, that is making the child feel the way that they are. If they drawing made the child feel happy what is it that made them feel that way, it could possibility be the use of the creativity used in art through the colourful drawing, then you would look at the past and ask the child how they were feeling then (Teacher.Tv, 2006).    Art is used by the transactional analysis approach for children as it provides an aid which enable the child to communicate in an creative way. This is because as the chosen child is withdrawn from the class due to a speech and language difficulty, the child is less likely to open up and express how they are feeling. Art provides a good bases for the professional to understand the child and change the way in which the child is thinking (Clarkson, 1992). An integrated art therapy exercises was used in the counselling module on the 26/01/11 through creativity by making an object out of art material to identify the process of university life in the last year. From this activity it identified that arts can bring out what the person is feeling and the way in which they can express their feeling and through through the use of art. The approaches to counselling can overlap each other for example transactional analysis and cognitive behavioural therapy according to Hann (2011) stated that both of   these approaches use a collaborative methods, this means that the child and the professional work on equal grounds. However these both do have some limitations, for example although both of the approaches look at the childs past experiences the transactional analysis approach focuss more on the childhood rather than focusing on the here and now whereas the cognitive behavioural approach look at both however it mainly focuss on the behaviour of the child and how that can change the childs thoughts and feeling (Taylor and Francis, 1977).      The transactional analysis approach itself both has it strengths and limitations. For example the strength of the approach is that it look at the childs childhood experience this is a positive as you are able to identify the root cause of the problem however this also can be seen as a disadvantage as you are not considering other factors that may have contributed to the illness such as lifestyle factors. In relation to the ego states the egos may overlap this could be seen both as a positive and a negative, it can be seen as a positive as the communication can be lost when the egos overlap this can be seen as be a negative as the child may loose trust, however it can bee seen to be positive as it considering the overlapping factor of all the egos because the child cant just have one egos sometime a child may overlap through different stages of counselling.    Overall it can be concluded that   Reference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clarkson, P (1992) Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy (An integrated approach). London: Routledge   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Croll, P and Moses, D (2000) Special Needs in Primary School.   London: Cassell à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hargaden, H and Sills, C (2002) Transactional Analysis (A Relational Perspective). Sussex: Routledge   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hann, C (2011) About Counselling/Psychotherapy [WWW]   Counselling/Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentHYPERLINK http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentpart=2HYPERLINK http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentpart=2part=2 [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hegarty, S (1993) Meeting special needs in ordinary school, 2nd ed. London: Cassell Education Limited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kaplan, F.F (2007) Art Therapy and Social Action. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Killick, K and Schaverien, J (1997) Art, Psychotherapy and Psychosis. London: Routledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lindsay, G and Dockrell, J (2000) The behaviour and self-esteem of children with specific speech and language difficulties. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70 (4), pp. 583-601 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Midgley, D (1999) New Direction in Transactional Analysis Counselling. London: Free Association Book Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pitman, E (1982) Transactional Analysis: An Introduction to its Theory and Practice . Journals of Social Work, 12, pp. 47-63 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Segrist, D (2009) Whats going in your professors head? Demonstrating the Id, Ego and Superego. Teaching of Psychology, 36 (1), pp. 51-54 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shaver, P and Mikulincer, M (2005) Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39 (1), pp. 22-45 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stewart, I (2007) Transactional Analysis Counselling in Action, 3rd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Szwed, C (2007) Reconsidering the role of the primary special educational needs co-ordinator: policy, practice and further priorities. British Journal of Special Education, 34 (2), pp. 96-104 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taylor and Francis (1977) Free Paper. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 6 (4), pp. 25 146   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teacher.Tv (2006) Transactional Analysis [WWW] Teacher.Tv. Available from: http://www.teachers.tv/videos/transactional-analysis [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (2011) What is therapy? [WWW] The   British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [Accessed 28/02/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Counsellors Guide (2011) Psychodynamic Approaches to   Counselling [WWW] The Counsellors Guide. Available from: http://www.thecounsellorsguide.co.uk/psychodynamic-approaches-counselling.html [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wright, A (1995) Storytelling with children. Oxford: Oxford University Press   

dynamics of founder effect :: essays papers

dynamics of founder effect Populations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific region/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or technological conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals largely determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area distinctive having it’s future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders. Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is relatively easier in comparison to older founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940’s there is a collection of written knowledge about it’s inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders include white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge o f that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bushmen and Pygmies until about two thousand years ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region developed agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene pool of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europe’s founding fathers came largely within two migrations: one being farmers form the Near East about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean; the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe. The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Love as a Theme in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Essay

A German philospher by the name of Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness. † Love, therefore, can cause some madness in a person and can make him or her forget reason. What then is reason and what then is logic if love exists within the depths of one’s soul? What then is common sense if love resides in the very core of a person’s heart and it makes him or her forget the logic of things? Love is just one very simple word, and yet it embodies so much within its existence. The actual presence and existence of the word of love itself can mean so much. Everyone thinks greatly of love. It is shown through the media, ever present in the schools, neighborhood, even in commercials and in advertisements. People have defined love as to be a many thing: love makes the world go around; love moves mountains; love is blind. Love, love, love — what is it? What is it with love that people are overly ecstatic about it? How does one know if he or she is in love? Many people have said that they have fallen in love, but have they really ever known what love is? What indeed is it? What is love? Today, I would like to cite a fine example of how love has made the lives of people revolve and point out how precious it is to love and to be loved in return. Love may be the greatest thing ever expressed by mankind. It is because of love that people are able to acquire great virtues and values. It is through love that people change for the better. It is through love that the world seem so much better to live in. However, there have also been many cases wherein love has been the cause of a person’s downfall. Love, being such a wonderful feeling and emitting an exhilarating aura, can also cause such great pain, suffering, fear, anxiety, sadness, and sometimes, even death. Love in Literature The theme of love has existed in literature for a long time. Many various works that have been written by renowned writers boast of both being popular and being a great example of quality literature—Mahabharata, The Iliad and the Odyssey, the Bible, The Notebook, and Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley. Myths and legends, epic, poems, stories, novels, and plays have had love pervade within the confines of their characters, lines, settings, motifs, and themes. This is no exemption with regard to the most famous love story of all time, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Also, another example of how love can change a person is Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. Almost everyone knows the very famous story of Romeo and Juliet. It has been ingrained in the people’s minds about the lovers who cannot be lovers as their families have long been in conflict with each other. The famous play of William Shakespeare concludes in a tragedy as the lovers die in the end. Great Expectations, on the other hand, tells us a story of young Pip who gets fueled by his love for Estella and wants to succeed in life so he can be worthy for her. The novel, depending on what version of the ending a person would like to read, is either that of the happily-ever-after or that of the tragedy of love and fate unfulfilled, or maybe, that of love that is not meant to be and a fate that is meant to force them apart. The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet and Great Expectations Love as a theme is so obvious in the story of Romeo and Juliet. It has even been deemed as the greatest love story, for it embodies the strong impact between the emotion. It has shown the joys and pains of being loved. It is the theme of the play because the whole play’s existence and progress from the first act until the last act are based on the love of the two major characters—Romeo and Juliet. Moreover, by the end of the play, the death of the two lovers serves as the ultimate proof of how one can go to great lengths just because of love. By the end of the play, when Romeo and Juliet showed their families how great their love is, both the Capulets and the Montagues resolved to agree that they would end their feud with each other. Through the play, I realized that love is such a powerful emotion that a person would be willing to go to great lengths just for it. Because of love, a person will disobey his or her family and even forego his or her surname as what Juliet did when she said, â€Å"Deny thy father and refuse thy name / Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love / And I’ll no longer be a Capulet† (Shakespeare, 2000, 2. 1. 34-36), which is also one of the more famous lines of the play. Love is a great emotion that people can even go crazy because of it. I know that love should never be treated with such shallow thinking or even played or toyed with because we can see how great the impact it can bring a person—it is so great that a person may even choose death just to be with his or her loved one. At the start of the speech, I quoted Friedrich Nietzsche on how people associate madness with love, and perhaps this is true. The fault of Romeo and Juliet lies with the fact that they loved each other so much to the point of being blind fools. Is it better then to be in love to the point of being foolish or just a plain fool who is in love? I think it is better to be a fool who is in love. Why? Because when a person is greatly in love to the point of being foolish, he or she is unable to be reasoned with—his or her mind is closed off to anything, to everything. He or she will not even give a chance to listen to logic. On the other hand, when a fool is in love, he or she is merely a person who is feeling a natural emotion, and he or she may listen to reason and then he or she will disregard it. Therefore, love, should be true and pure but moderate at all times. When young Pip fell in love with the beautiful Estella, he wanted to improve himself so he can be worthy for her. Thus, because of the love that Pip feels for Estella, he wanted to become a better person. I think, most of all, that is the most important thing — that people should fall in love and the feeling that they draw from that emotion is that they would want to be better in every way — a better individual. Love can indeed move mountains — in a metaphorical sense, that is. Unlike the play, the novel also focused on other aspects of the society, whereas, the play solely revolved around love and the chaotic things it may bring to a person. Love pervaded the whole play while the novel also touched on more serious things like societal problems present in the realities of the world. Conclusion To end my speech, I would like to cite the lines of the Prince of Verona who said, â€Å"See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate / That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love† (Shakespeare, 2000. 5. 3. 307-309). Love may also be connected to extreme feelings of pain and sadness, but love can also be a cause of such great happiness and redemption after the feeling of suffering has gone. When Romeo and Juliet died, the feud of the families of the Capulet and the Montague which seemed to be forever, finally came to a halt. Likewise, when the young Pip knew for a fact that he lost Estella, and he has lost a chance of the great feeling of love and being loved. He parts with her, as what he told Estella at the end of the novel, â€Å"Glad to part again, Estella? To me, parting is a painful thing† (Dickens, 2003, p. 484). However, eventually, when both parties have realized the pains of being apart and parting, they would come to understand that it is so much better to actually like the idea of love, be in pain because of naivete and ignorance, and meet each other again one day — because it is so much better to be in love when both have opened to the value of being in love. References Dickens, C. (2003). Great expectations. New York: Penguin Classics. William, S. (2000). Romeo and Juliet. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.

Sympathy in Film essays

Sympathy in Film essays Creating sympathy is a very delicate and skilled task to perform in a motion picture. Filmmakers have to take factors in to account in order to get their message across. There are many techniques, ranging from an actors or actresses clothes and possessions to the environment in which the movie takes place in, to the set lighting, camera angle, and sound. Although, none of which is as near as important as the acting; how the star portrays his or her character. We have to believe the actor is really that person on the screen, if we are to feel emotions towards that character during a dramatic scene. A film that demonstrates this to the tee, with brilliant acting, visual effects, and sound is Braveheart. The leading/main character, William Wallace, played by Mel Gibson gives his audience a emotionally charged experience viewing this film. Without words, every look, every expression, we know exactly how he is feeling and sympathize with his pain. His first real traumatic experience comes when his newly wed wife is killed. Her throat is slit and she is tied to a pole for the town to see as an example. Meanwhile William is waiting for her at a meeting spot. We, the audience already know that shes dead, but distressfully watch as Wallace slowly becomes terrified of what could have happened, as he looks round and round for her. He soon gives up, and decides to return to the town hed last seen her. Finding her slain body tied up to the post, he falls to his knees, speechless, and we see the utter horror in his eyes, as Wallace realizes he has nothing else to live for. Looking at a proud man suddenly broken, the audience feels utter sympathy towards him and what he has lost. Mel Gibson directed in and stared in this film, which let him play the role of William Wallace in the manner he wished. The film was produced in Scotland, and was made to take place around the end of the 13th century. The s ...

Definition of Dialectology

Definition of Dialectology The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade Essay

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade - Essay Example This surge in the flow of services and goods will undoubtedly increase competition that, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the price that consumers have to pay for goods to the traders. When these elements are all combined, most economists are of the belief that global and individual economic growth will be achieved. The comparative advantage theory states that every country will produce goods at which they are extra efficient at production. So long as each country is able to produce goods that give it more comparative advantage, trade becomes mutually beneficial. One argument for free trade is specialization. Through exporting and importing goods, nations come to rely on each other for the production of services and goods at which it might not be too efficient at doing itself (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). When producers and countries are allowed to specialize in production of various services and goods, they attain more efficiency in service and goods production. It also let s individual countries produce services and goods for some things that they may have not been in a point to back when they had to produce everything they needed themselves. Specialization also allows countries, which had to provide services and goods for themselves when they were still not available via trade, to carry out other tasks. Yet another argument for free trade is efficiency. Free trade enhances a country’s efficiency, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of services and goods that country or individual can produce using the same resources (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). This encourages corporations to look for other ways of decreasing wasted resources that, in turn, decrease the production costs of goods. Various firms may also seek to increase their production because of the increased demand that will inevitably rise due to the existence of free trade. This will happen when they realize that it is possible to produce extra units at a per unit pri ce that is decreased. One more argument for free trade is an increased standard of living for the involved parties. Increased specialization and efficiency allow these parties to attain a higher living standard. As more services and goods are purchased and sold via exportation and importation, the amount of cash resources that are available in these nations can only increase. With individuals making more cash, they possess more money that they can spend on services and goods that they could use to import services and goods that can satisfy their other needs (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 12). Finally, free trade allows its participants to attain a better quality of life. Besides monetary gains to be gleaned by countries involved in free trade, economists use the argument that free trade highly improves the quality of life for its citizens. Free trade leads to the decrease in the possibility of war outbreaks, enhances the security of the nation, and leads to increased cultural enrich ment and awareness (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 13). The belief is that these countries depending on each other for services and goods are not likely to go to war with each other. Additionally, it is likely that they will rely on each other’s defense when a situation pops off. This idea of free trade also exposes individuals to various cultures that exist around the world that result in their personal enrichment. Winners in Free Trade The biggest winners in free trade agreements are transnational corporations. Free trade agreements erase tariffs, meaning that corporations pay less for them to sell their products. With reduced tariffs, for example, electronic producers can

Book review of The Holocaust in History by Michael R Marrus Essay

Book review of The Holocaust in History by Michael R Marrus - Essay Example The Holocaust in History is a book that affiliates to a broad historical perspective, which deserves a good and exhaustive reading by the students of history, if not by the lay people. Its goes without saying that Marrus did resort to an exhaustive research and documentation, to come out with this immaculately contrived introduction as to how the historians tend to write about the Holocaust. The approach of Marrus tends to emphatically highlight the need for demystifying the Holocaust, so that it may be studied as an event in the contemporary Western history. Hence in this book, Marrus has systematically summarized the available authoritative historical writings pertaining to the salient aspects of the Holocaust that are, the pivotal position and scope of anti-Semitism in Nazism, the role played by the Jewish resistance, Jewish leadership and bystanders, and collaborators. To put it simply, The Holocaust in History has less to do with the history of the Holocaust and is more about th e historiography of the Holocaust. In The Holocaust in History Marrus does delve on the centrality of anti-Semitism to Nazism, but not in a very polarized perspective as preferred by many other historians. In the preface to this well written book, Marrus classifies the literature pertaining to Holocaust in two categories, one comprising of works drafted â€Å"as witness, or in commemoration, or as a sombre warning to future generations†; and the other that were meant to be â€Å"the modes of discourse, the scholarly techniques, and the kind of analysis used for all other historical issues.† Marrus’ work, The Holocaust in History primarily focuses on the second type of literature. In this book, Marrus primarily seems to be engrossed in the task of analyzing what the other historians have so far researched and written about the facts pertaining to the Holocaust, to dig out and analyze the details of what actually happened and how it happened, and to delve on the s alient causes behind the Holocaust. Though it may certainly surprise the contemporary students and teachers of history, yet, it is a fact that significant parts of the literature that Marrus relied on while writing The Holocaust in History, ascribes to 60s or later times. This is so because Marrus believes that in the aftermath of the Holocaust, either there was a scant interest in the Holocaust, or much historical writing, scholarship and documentation about Holocaust was â€Å"ghettoized† and not balanced. It was only in the early 60s or later that the Holocaust as a topic of historical interest experienced a turning point. According to Marrus, the Holocaust claimed the lives of six million Jews, yet to limit the scope and magnitude of Holocaust to the Jewish sufferers would be an immense historical travesty (p.8). To arrive at a total and realistic relevance of the Holocaust, the historians also need to take into account the six million non-Jewish sufferers who also had to bear with the tyranny and consequences of the Holocaust (Marrus p.9). The Holocaust also claimed the lives of millions of Gypsies, Russian POWs, Spanish Republicans, Poles, Czechs, French and homosexuals (Fischel p.38). Though, it is different that the Eastern victims of the Holocaust received a different treatment as compared to the victims from the Western Europe, both from the historians and the Western political leadership. While unravelling

Teaching Of Primary Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Of Primary Science - Essay Example It also provides examples of schools that have experimented context-based teaching in science in classrooms, and a curricular example that teachers can modify to increase student understanding of any curricular area. Finally, it provides online resources and a podcast that provide teachers with additional ideas for making their lessons more interesting and engaging, empowering, and enlightening classrooms. There have been many studies that indicate context-based approach is essential in order for student learning to take place. Research reveals that teaching Strategies are necessary in schools for teachers to effectively increase student achievement. The focus of this research study is to examine effects of context-based approaches in teaching science in Classroom. The review of literature will look at several factors related to teaching strategies. Those factors include the Traditional view of teaching science, problematic questions that arise in this research, importance of context-based teaching, in classroom. ... Context-based approaches to teaching science in primary school have become widely used over the past two decades. They aspire to foster more positive attitudes to science while, at the same time, provide a sound basis of scientific understanding for further study. One of the most distinct trends of the last two decades in science curriculum development across a number of countries has been to use contexts and applications of science as a means of developing scientific understanding. Teaching in this way is often described as adopting a context-based approach. The trend toward the use of context-based approaches is apparent across the whole age spectrum from primary through to university level, but is most noticeable in materials developed for use in the secondary age range. Traditional Teaching Style of Science Over the last two decades reports have traced students' increasingly negative attitudes to Science in Australia over the primary years of schooling, and the associated decrease in student participation in post-compulsory science (Goodrum, Hackling, & Rennie, 2001; Tytler, 2007). This decline in interest in Science in the early years of primary education is of particular concern, since it is in these years that attitudes to the pursuit of science subjects and careers are formed (Speering & Rennie, 1996). A number of studies have explicitly linked this decline in student interest with the nature of the traditional science curriculum and its inability to make science meaningful and interesting to students (Fensham, 2004; Lyons, 2006). By making Science more relevant to a broader audience we can prepare prospective science degree students and professionals, as well as

Islamic Art and Architecture; Influence and Effects Essay Example for Free

Islamic Art and Architecture; Influence and Effects Essay Introduction During the reign of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal rulers, architecture and art took on more meaning than it had in the past. The types of architecture and manuscript writing have had both symbolic significance and influence on the people of these empires. The architecture can be said to have had the greatest impact on the presence of power and devotion to Islamic arts of all of the empires, while manuscripts were held privately until trends influenced their spread over greater distances and people. The Ottomans, in their quest to expand their lands and influence, conquered Constantinople in 1453, which sparked a major period of construction in the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This large building initiative took place in order to encourage a repopulating of Istanbul, as well as the revitalization of the economy in this declining city. The buildings and complexes the Ottomans built shed an interesting light on their concerns and ideals. For example, while the complexes were mainly built as places of worship, they took on other roles, such as, centers for education, commerce, and hospital care. One complex is clear in its intentions to the public, as can be seen by the endowment deed, which read â€Å" to elevate matters of religion and religious sciences in order to strengthen the mechanisms of worldly sovereignty and to reach happiness in the afterworld†, (Bloom Blair, 298). This combination of buildings in a complex format drew people from the old capital and cities of the empire, and generated revenue that amassed into fortunes for the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, however, were not the only empire to enjoy great wealth and displays of that wealth. The Mughals, who descended from the same Turkish conquerors as the Ottomans, also enjoyed prosperity from great building projects. The architecture of the Mughals was able to change with great regularity during its time, due to the constant movement of the central government. The Mughals also benefited from a blend of styles and influences to create their palaces. The most famous example of Mughal architecture was the Taj Mahal, which was built in the memory of a deceased favorite wife. In the building of temples and tombs in Mughal history, it is quite common to find them built as reminders to the community of saints, heroes, or loved ones. It was  also common to find that they lacked as muc h fine detail as their neighbors to the west, but brought new styles to the architecture derived from the rich traditions of the people of India. Unlike the Ottomans and The Mughal, the Safavids were derived from the family lineage of Mohammed the prophet. Despite this difference, the Safavids built great temples and complexes for similar reasons. The Safavids built great complexes, and like the Ottomans, they moved their capital to a centralized location in order to centralize power, and increase commerce. The Safavids also shared another trait in building with the Ottomans. They both had a strong emphasis on education, and liked to keep a watchful eye over it. For this reason, religious complexes often included the highest forms of education for both the government and the religion of Islam. Though in competition for much of their histories, the Ottomans and Safavids adhered to many of the same architectural styles, with one major difference. Due to their difference in branches of Islam, the Safavids, unlike their Sunni neighbors the Ottomans, had little problem with diverging from traditional customs of avoiding the use of depictions of animals and people in their design. This proved to enhance the appearance of the buildings, but also give them a unique place in the history of Islamic buildings. Manuscripts, on the other hand, have a very different history than do the magnificent buildings of the Islamic world. In the Ottoman Empire, as was true of most of the Muslim world, the Koran was the most copied manuscript. Copies of the Koran were reproduced with astonishing art, but were usually given as gifts to other rulers. In this system, the common person was excluded from viewing the finest manuscripts. Common manuscripts were produced by artisans, but lacked the high quality of that of the royal courts. The Ottomans also used their talents to reproduce manuscripts that depicted great rulers and events in history, as well as topography paintings that displayed the prominence of conquest in the Ottomans daily life. Ottoman manuscripts were not as popular or unique as the ones created by the Safavids or Mughals, but they did posses superiority in the ar t of calligraphy. Manuscripts from the Safavid and Mughal empires possessed greater detail in art, but most of the calligraphers were not as skilled as those of the Ottoman Empire. Despite this lack of good calligraphy, the Safavids and Mughals were more skilled in art and design. Like the Ottomans, the Mughals and Safavid empires copied  the Koran at a high rate, but only the best works of art were given away as gifts. This lack of quality reproductions, which included not only writing, but also painting, led to the decline of the bound book. This decline led to the development of an industry of artisans creating single manuscripts. These manuscripts allowed for both artistic differences that were hard to avoid in large manuscripts, and it allowed more people to posses art. They were collected into books, but they had a greater impact on both the people of the Muslim world and the Europeans, who were exploring the area heavily in search of people to colonize. The arrival of the Europeans also led to a decline in the production of small manuscripts, due to the fact that the printing press and mass production of books were arriving in Europe. Conclusion Islamic art and architecture both had more than one use in Islamic life. The architecture reminded the people of saints, great rulers, martyrs, or beloved figures, as well as serving as a center for religion, education, commerce, and medicine. The art of the Islamic world was originally used to tell of battles, heroes, and most popularly recreate the Koran. Art also allowed for the growth of writing, painting, and the distribution of ideas over greater distances than the spoken word. Both Islamic art and architecture still hold as reminders to Muslims and the world that great rulers, conquerors, and artists have made a lasting impact on the region and its culture.

The Haberdasher Essay -- Chaucer Essays

The Haberdasher The â€Å"orphan pilgrims† of the Canterbury Tales appear to be quite interesting with their â€Å"geere apiked (365).† A snapshot of the guildsmen determines that the men were wealthy, apart of some type of brotherhood, and had wives that were socially upstanding. Now an argument arises when trying to decide whether or not the craftsmen were actually in a guild or not. Evidence supports my view that, not only were they in a guild, but it was legitimate, exclusive, and included only those with similar occupations. A haberdasher was amongst the fraternity Chaucer mentions. During the medieval times, this hat maker was probably using a cloth called chaperon to make hats. Both men and women wore these types of hats; beaver hats became popular. Women also wore veils on their head to hide their hair (Britannica). At this point in history, there were no legal contracts. This became a problem when the townspeople needed credit to buy items and the craftsmen needed raw materials. The main solution was for the craftsmen to join guilds in an effort to boost their reputation. â€Å"The ‘solempne’ and ‘greet fraternitee’ in whose livery Chaucer dressed the five Burgesses in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales was probably a craft fraternity (McCutchan 313).† Guilds were very important forces in the fourteenth century. A haberdasher or any craftsman would join â€Å"for personal establishment† and membership also was â€Å"the most frequently employed means of claiming such status in local society (Rosser 10).† The fraternities served as a form of kinship and inclusion amongst peers. The fictional kinship of a fraternity lent a moral force to the declarations of mutual respect sworn between the ‘... ... However, they are highly revered respected in the community and part of that is because of the product that they make. Clothing is a symbol for status, a political statement, and a first impression. Works Cited Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. Garden City: Garden City Publishing Company, 1930. Chaucer, Geoffrey. Canterbury Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1987. Harwood, Britton J. â€Å"The ‘Fraternitee’ of Chaucer’s Guildsmen.† The Review of English Studies 39.155 (1988): 413-417. â€Å"Hat.† Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 13 Nov 2003 http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=40311. Kirby, Thomas A. â€Å"The Haberdasher and his Companions.† Modern Language Notes 53.7 (1938): 504-505. Rosser, Gervase. â€Å"Crafts, Guilds and the Negotiations of Work in the Medieval Town.† Past and Present 154 (1997): 3-31.

Problem-Oriented Policing Essay

According to Dictionary.com, â€Å"policing is to regulate, control, or keep in order with or as if with a law enforcement agency.† The art of policing has changed significantly for many different reasons but mainly to accommodate the times. Crime rates have gone up substantially when compared to 50 years ago. Much of the reason why this may be is the easy accessibility to gory movies, the glamorization of criminal activity, and the poverty that exists here in America. It is important as well as essential to devise strategies to counter the criminal activity with a solid plan for future stability of our communities. According to Gene Stephens’s article, Policing the Future, â€Å"When public policing was formally instituted in London in 1829, the emphasis was on preventing crime: the public and officers themselves regarded successful policing as the absence of crime, (2005).† Although this concept was some time ago, it seems far fetched because nowadays when you consider crime in our communities, it is considered sensible to have a mere reduction of crime, rather than the absence. This is true in all aspects of life, whether you are traveling or walking alone in the park at night, the most reasonable person often considers the threat of potentially being a victim of a crime. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the past policing issues and the way ahead in effective policing strategies. In addition, this paper will discuss factors that affect the increase of criminal activity, i.e. immigration and poverty. Lastly, this paper will discuss new strategy outcomes for the road ahead. Policing Issues In the past, policing strategies did not have to work so diligently against technology. During the 1940s and 1950s, the information infrastructure paled in comparison to the current day super highway we negotiate today. However, the 40s and 50s was a time where organized crime  spiked in activities such as extortion, racketeering, illegal distribution of alcohol and weapons, and other criminal activity. It is speculated that many attributes that facilitated this climb was because of the influx of immigration and the popular crime comics. The United States was and is considered a melting pot for people trying to migrate from other countries. The War Brides Act of 1945 and the Displaced Person Act of 1948 and in1950 initiated large populations of immigrants which allowed several hundred thousand immigrants from Europe, Canada and Mexico to enter the US. With little to no work for such a flooding of people, many were forced to turn to criminal activity to survive. According to the Bureau of Justice statistics (2002), â€Å"Not only does immigration contribute to the poverty that breeds crime, but many aliens have criminal careers: 29% of the inmates are aliens.† Crime comics were popular comics books produced during the earlier 40s and 50s that depicted organized outlaws and plots of gangster activity which may have possibly developed a compulsion for acts of disorder. The American Medical Association, together with five other public-health organizations, issued a joint statement on the risk of exposure to media violence (Joint Statement, 2000). It is probable that crime will continue simply due to the need for blood shed and violence on the movie screen. The effect of continued feeding of this â€Å"growing monster† by the media is not likely to decrease anytime soon. New Strategy Outcomes There have been many discussions that suggest that the future of policing criminal activity and disorder is a â€Å"fight† that can not be completely won; instead it is something that can only be reduced. There are several initiatives currently being utilized to mitigate and subsequently eradicate violence within communities. Problem–Oriented policing (POP) concepts are used as a â€Å"different approach to the complexity of the policing role.† (Walker & Katz, 2005). In an article, Professor Goldstein stated that â€Å"Problem-oriented policing places a high value on new responses that are preventive in nature, that are not dependent on the use of the criminal justice system, and that engage other public agencies, the community and the private sector when their involvement has the potential for significantly contributing to the reduction of the problem.† (Goldstein, 2001) The  key elements of POP that the police officer must focus on are: Evaluation of the problem Importance of solid analysis Developing responses Tapping in to other resources (Goldstein, 2006) This step by step process is designed as a means to deliberately and efficiently approach this concept. In the evaluation phase, the problem or the criminal activity is considered. The intent should not merely be a quick fix but identifying and dealing the source of the problem. Solid analysis is the consolidation of facts and circumstances that contribute to issues. The base problem must be completely understood during this function. Next, consider all developed and suggested responses should follow from what is learned during analysis. Lastly, the process of tapping into resources through surveying of neighborhoods and their residents, or soliciting assistance from community members and other government agencies. This will allow information sharing to take place and generate community responsibility and oversight. (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2004) Summary/Conclusion Policing strategies are used for many different means of control, discipline, and order in what is typically viewed as chaos. Policing needs of the past have changed along with the times. The reasons for policing can range from crowd control to war. Determining the underlying problems are a solid methodology in determining which policing strategies should be used. But some fundamental approaches through the utilization of POP will produce long term affects and prevent disorder by analysis and intervention strategies. The purpose of this paper was to discuss the past and present policing issues and the way ahead in effective policing strategies. In addition, this paper discussed factors that affect the increase of criminal activity, i.e. immigration and poverty. Lastly, this paper will discuss new strategy outcomes for the road ahead. Reference Australian Institute of Criminology, 2004. Retrieved on April 2007, from http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/crm/crm017.pdf Bureau of Justice and Statistics, 2002. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs Goldstein, Herman, (2006) Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.popcenter.org/about-whatisPOP.htm Goldstein, Herman, (Draft).(2000) Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: The 2000 Herman Goldstein Award Winners Joint Statement, Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children, by America Medical Association, 2000 Policing, (2004). Dictionary.com. Retrieved March 14, 2004 from http://www.dictionary.reference.com Stephens, Gene, (2005) Policing the Future. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.policefuturists.org/pdf/M-A2005Futurist_Stephens.pdf Walker, Samuel & Katz, Charles M. (5th Ed). (2005) The Police in America: An introduction McGraw-Hill