The Journey In To Kill A Mockingbird free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper The thought of the journey is a repeating subject within American literature. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a piece of literature that addresses the subject of the journey ( though it is more of a psychological and emotional journey than a physical one ) . In To Kill a Mockingbird, the journey takes the signifier of a immature miss s ( Scout s ) realisation that the universe is non as Nice of a topographic point that she thinks it is. Scout s self-enlightening journey begins when her male parent, Atticus takes Tom Robinson s instance. Tom Robinson is a black adult male who has been accused of ravishing a white miss ( Mayella Ewell ) . Mayella and her household are the castawaies of Maycomb ( the little Alabama town where the town takes topographic point ) chiefly because of the manner they live and their unconventional behaviour ( i.e. the kids merely attend the first twenty-four hours of school: He s one of the Ewells, mom am, whole school s full of mutton quad. We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey In To Kill A Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They come first twenty-four hours every twelvemonth and so go forth. ( 27 ) ) Most of the town knows that Tom didn Ts truly ravish Mayella, but they can t acknowledge this to themselves because if they did, they basically would be acknowledging that Mayella, a white miss, was lying and that would non hold been acceptable. They would instead impeach Tom, a black adult male, because that is justifiable in their heads ( in that that sort of behaviour is to be expected from person like him ) . Scout s mundane life experiences are at the caprice of the town when Atticus takes the instance. The townsfolk are ruthless when it comes to reminding Scout of their sentiment of Atticus and what he has done. Scout s first experience with their animus happens at school. He [ Cecil Jacobs ] had announced in the school yard the twenty-four hours before that Scout Finch s dada defended niggas. I denied it but told Jem. ( 74 ) Lookout does non truly understand what Atticus is making or the gravitation ( during that clip period, the 1930 s ) of what he is making. Scout even faces ridicule from household. At Christmas, Scout, Jem, and Atticus go to Finch s Landing to pass it with Aunt Alexandra, Atticus sister. It is at that place that Scout finds that even her ain household disapproves of her male parent s behaviors. Her cousin Francis says I guess it ain t your mistake if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I m here to state you it surely does mortify the remainder of the family- ( 83 ) Lookout demands to cognize what he means but all Francis continues to make is name Attic us a nigger-lover. Scout s response is I don t know what you re talkin about, but you better cut it out this ruddy hot minute! ( 83 ) Even the grownups in the vicinity take their bend goading Scout and her brother. Mrs. Dubose tells the kids Your male parent s no better than the niggas and rubbish he works for! ( 102 ) From all of these remarks, Scout realizes that all of these people have turned against her and her male parent. This is really confounding for her because she had had a friendly ( or at least slightly apathetic ) relationship with most of them. This is when the realizatio N that the universe is non truly a really friendly topographic point starts to drop in. The realisation becomes steadfastly implanted in Scout s head before and after Tom Robinson s test. The dark before the test Tom is moved to the Maycomb gaol. Jem and Scout see Atticus leave the house and follow him to the gaol. They see Atticus discoursing with a group of work forces who appear to be hostile towards their male parent. What they experience and witness there makes Scout see that people she had once trusted and thought of as friends, had turned against her male parent. One of the work forces in the crowd is Mr. Cunningham, a adult male with whom her male parent often helped with legal affairs. Scout approaches him and attempts to get down a conversation with him, foremost about his boy Walter ( with whom she attends school with ) and so about his deduction. All of her efforts at get downing a conversation fail and she can t figure out why. She is wholly unmindful to the fact that the work forces are at that place to harm her male parent. She merely can non conceive of any organic structure desiring to harm her male parent. During the test, all the grounds points towards the fact that it was Mr. Ewell, and non Tom Robinson who beat Mayella up. However, the jury finds Tom guilty. From this finding of fact, Scout sees how unjust the universe can be. She does non see this on her ain but from the words of others. Jem repeatedly says It ain t right. ( 212 ) After the test is over, Scout thinks that life will travel back to normal. She is mistaken in this idea, though. The twenty-four hours after the test, Bob Ewell meets Atticus on a street corner and tongues in his face. The biggest daze of all though comes at Halloween. The school is seting on a pageant for the town and Scout is to be a jambon. The show goes good. Afterwards, Jem and Scout are waking place through a dark field. Scout has forgotten her places at the school and is still have oning her jambon costume. Jem tells her that they will travel back in the forenoon for her places because it is difficult for her to walk in the costume and it is already late. While they are walking place, Jem thinks he hears person following them and halt to listen. He dismisses the idea and they continue walking. This happens a few more times. The last clip it happens though, the individual who is following them runs up behind them and assail them. Jem ends up interrupting his arm and Scout is severely shaken. It turns out that the individual who attacked them was Mr. Ewell. He wanted retaliation on Atticus and decided that the best manner to acquire it would be to kill his kids. Mr. Ewell is the chief factor in Scout s realisation. Through her many experiences with other people, Scout realizes that the universe is non ever a friendly topographic point and that it can turn on you in the wink of an oculus. To Kill A Mockingbird does an first-class occupation of portraying a kid s loss of artlessness through a psychological and emotional journey. American literature is filled with different types of journeys, some more nonliteral than others, as is the instance in To Kill A Mockingbird.

Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Example

Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Example Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Essay Threat Assessment of Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Ping sweeps and port scans are two techniques that a malicious computer user such as a hacker can utilize to compromise an Enterprise networks security and gain access to their proprietary data. For example, private email messages can be forwarded to a rogue destination email address: Done by installing a virus program into a user’s email client through a discovered active computers open TCP/IP IMAP port (port number 143) that is not being currently used by that user (Clarke, 2008). The virus then could take advantage of security vulnerabilities in that users email client program and forward emails from that users inbox over to another destination email address without them knowing about it. Therefore, in light of such exploits as just described it is vitally important to address and mitigate the security problem to an Enterprise network from ping sweeps and port scans that can be incurred from outside sources by the use of strong Firewall protections. To better comprehend the danger that ping sweeps and port scans can represent here is a more detailed explanation of each of these techniques. Ping sweeps First, a ping is a computer network utility tool using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to send multiple data packets to a target host device such as server, workstation, or printer to establish whether that host device on a network is actively present (turned on, or active) and able to communicate. If the target host device in question sends back a reply then that device is determined to indeed be active on the network. So therefore, a ping sweep is number of pings that are executed to determine which out of a range of IP addresses map over to live host devices (Rouse, 2005). To perform this task there are several available software tools to choose from, such as fping, gping, and Nmap for UNIX systems. Also, there is Rhino9’s Pinger software and SolarWinds Ping Sweep for Windows systems. After using such a tool a malicious user can know which host devices on a network are actively available and then proceed to performing a technique called a port scan to try to gain access to those devices. Port Scanning Port scanning is technique used to identify any open or closed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) network communication ports or services on a network host device. For example, port number 110 is assigned to Post Office Protocol three (POP3) for email client application communications on a network. There can be up to 65,000 ports any one computer or host device and any unused open ports as determined by a port scan may allow a malicious user unauthorized access to it. This is akin to an open window in a house whereas a burglar can gain access to it (Facts about port, ). Also, accessive port scanning can lead to a denial of service (DoS) attack and not allow authorized users to access their data. Finally, there are again several utility tools available to perform port scanning such as Nmap as mentioned previously or SolarWinds Port scanner. Firewall To mitigate the security threat posed by ping sweeps and port scans it is highly recommended that firewall protection on all network hosts devices should be enabled to close any unused ports to protect them from unauthorized access. Also, is recommended that the use of a firewall server to protect the network from any outside intruders be used as well. In conclusion, ping sweeping and port scanning can threaten the security of a Business Enterprises network and steps to handle security should be implemented to mitigate as much as possible any possibility that any data is kept confidential, that its integrity remains intact, and is always available.

Evaluate how far Jinnikins Jeans would benefit from extending employee Essay

Evaluate how far Jinnikins Jeans would benefit from extending employee 'voice' - Essay Example 2. Overview of the impact of employee voice on Jinnikins Jeans The underlying theory behind employee voice is that employees have sufficient interests, skills and knowledge to engage in business decisions. Unlike what management experts previously assumed, it is becoming increasingly clear that even non-investors ought to make decisions (Gollan, 2006). Since workers dedicate a significant part of their lives within certain organisations, then it only comes naturally that their work would define them. At Jinnikins, some of the employees have been working for the company since they left university. Therefore, it makes sense to include them in decision-making processes. Employee voice has four distinct functions in any given organisation. It may allow the employee to express dissatisfaction with the organisation or management. Currently, such a platform seems to be lacking at Jinnikings. Most of the individuals in the organisation do not have an avenue for expressing their misgivings. T he case study states that several employees in the headquarters are worried that they might lose their jobs just like their counterparts in the UK factory. Furthermore, some feel marginalised by senior level executives concerning operations of the business. This was especially true for Lionel, the production director. If the company does not provide avenues for expression of dissent, then employees could look elsewhere. Businesses need employee voice in order to enjoy collective organisation. Unionisation and membership in other employee interest groups allows members to express collective concerns to which their employers can respond. Jinnikings feels it is a reasonable employer, which pays above average salaries and fosters communality. Therefore, it sees no need for collective bargaining. However, employees are already planning to join a Works Council, and this could throw the company off track if it does not prepare in advance. Senior executives, Trevor and George are quite appr ehensive about unions. In fact, they outsourced their operations because of this aspect (Mathews, 2012). The company needs to address this matter before it overwhelms them. Firms need employee voice because it facilitates the contribution of employees in management decision making. This implies that they can handle aspects like productivity, quality and organisation better using such a voice. Problem solving will spread across the organisation if firms foster participation (Van Dyne et al., 2003). Jinnikins appears to need this form of participation in decision-making. Currently, the two senior executives make all the decisions, which leads to a backlog in introduction of new ideas. Furthermore, it wastes a lot of time and frustrates the creative energy of the enterprise by creating all this bureaucracy around decisions. Clearly, the firm needs to rethink this approach in the future. Even critical elements of planning, like recruitment and selection or redundancy planning, are often in the hands of senior executives. They often select individuals based on the person they know rather than their work. As a result, the company has a backlog of redundant staff that they cannot get rid of. This reliance on the executive for most decisions has even led to difficulties in eliminating these staff. Instead of relying on guidelines for getting work done, managers have to second-guess. The highhanded approach of the two executive brothers has caused

Business Plan For A Company In The Food Industry. Ricer Essay

Business Plan For A Company In The Food Industry. Ricer - Essay Example The services will be based cash on delivery and cash with order. Ricer’s services will be commonly known as Ricer Vending Units. The original trial was conducted in October 25th, 2012 which was highly applauded by most residents within the city and projected to be a success once it will be launched. The business intends to expand gradually through franchises to other cities and states in the next ten years. Market Analysis The business is projected to be worth  £ 250,000 which will serve the local markets that are vast and well segmented. The population consists of 50.6% of female and 49.4% of men while the median age is around 34.8 years and the entire working population is 311,300 and the residential population goes at 506,800 according to statistics done in mid 2009. The City has a higher young age profile which will form an essential market for the Ricer’s products. This profile of the population reveals that the target consumers will most likely be the young and vibrant students and the working group. Thus the products will be distributed near colleges and University campuses, weekend markets and other convenient places such as leisure parks (Daniels, 2002, p. 53). Strategy and Implementation Ricer aims to create a brand recognition using its Ricer vending Units through positioning strategically in the entire business district within the city. Upon achieving the brand recognition, the services will be provided and eventually they will be available in major superstores and supermarkets (Stokes and Wilson, 2010, p. 3). Moreover, Ricer will then provide franchises to foster further expansion. 1.5 Management The Ricer will be owned by two ladies with massive experience in the business management, product promotion and hospitality industry. The pioneers are based from two different diversities which include; Chinese culture and the English culture. They were previous staff of a renowned restaurant in the world having worked for about ten years. They intend to employ other staff to help them in the preparation and distribution of food to the target market in the streets. 1.6 Financial Plan Ricer is projected to have a formidable starting financial base even though it will need extra funding to accomplish its goals and objectives. According to the analysis of the forecasts the revenue from the business is expected to grow to ? 7.5 million by year 5 and subsequently to ? 15.75 million by year 10 with an EBITDA amounting to ? 5 million by year 5. An initial survey from the streets it was determined that the firm would need to sell 75 meals to breakeven. The profound financial strategy ascertains that the firm will be more favorable as an acquirement for exit (Bhide?, 2000, p. 5). 1.7 Start-up funds and expenses This business plan will attract the following start up funds and start-up expenses. Start-up Expenses Legal ? 250 Marketing consultants ? 750 Design costs ? 2,500 Payroll expenses ? 12,000 Fuel costs ? 2,500 Business and Liability cover policy ? 5000 Total Expenses ? 23000 Start-up Assets Cash needs ? 250,000 Start-up Inventory ? 50,000 Other Short term assets ? 25,000 Total Short Term Assets ? 25,000 Non-current Assets ? 50,000 Total Assets ? 400,000 Start-up Funding for the fast food firm Investment for the business Rickrosly ? 150,000

ACCOUNTING FINAL EXAMANTION OF CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORT Research Paper

ACCOUNTING FINAL EXAMANTION OF CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORT - Research Paper Example Comparable store sales were lower in 2010 in comparison with 2009 despite having higher customer traffic. The company made adjustments to increase its profitability by having better inventory management and lower inventory shrinkage. The accounting firm that performed the independent auditor report was Earnest & Young LLP. The auditors did not find any problems or exceptions in the financial statement of the company. The opinion o f the auditing firm is that the financial statements are fairly presented in all materials respects. I did not find any new terms in the financial statements of the company. The annual report included the four major financial statements which are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flow, and statement of stockholder’s equity. I found the presentation of the financial statement to be cleared since the company utilized the standard financial

The use of a counselling approach

The use of a counselling approach This essay will critically assess the use of a counselling approach which might be appropriate for supporting an identified client through the process of change or coping with stress and Illness. This will be achieved through considering the counselling skills and counselling approaches and also considering how the practitioner will use the chosen approaches to support the client. The essay will also be looking at how the approach will be used with other aspects of intervention relevant for the service users.   The chosen client is a young child, who is of the age of 6 who is currently in primary school. The special needs co-ordinator who is working alongside the client feels that the child in question is withdrawn from the rest of the class and this could possibly be due to a speech and language difficulties that the child may be suffering from. The special co-ordinator will be using art as a form of  counselling the child, alongside using the transactional analysis approach (TA) which inter-links with the psychodynamic approach.    The special needs co-ordinator was particularly used for this child over the other professionals such as a teacher assistant because the special needs co-ordinator is able to give the child regular periods of individual help, by raising the childs self-esteem this is through classroom activities such as creative arts (Szwed, 2007). For example story telling would be used by the child through puppets whereby the child would use the puppets to act out a story, this would allow the special need co-ordinator to identify how the child may be feeling through their thought process through their imagination (Wright, 1995).   It is important to understand that as children are seen to be vulnerable, that the right professional is chosen for them, as the special needs co-ordinator will be working with the child on a daily basis, the child will feel secure and is able to express how they are feeling, this will not only help the child but also the professional to, as the professional is able to gain information from the child, but also the child will feel secure (as they will feel conformable to talk to the professional) and able to recover quickly from their illness (The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, 2011). Certain skills and training is required by the specials needs co-ordinator in order to support the child. For example as the special need co-ordinator is using art for counselling the child, the professional needs training on how they can interpret the art that the child has made. This is   important because if for example the child draws a firework, that could either represent the child being happy or the child being sad as they are frighten from it, however these skills by the professional only comes when training and support is provide to them (Hegarty, 1993) However, there are many problem that a child may be faced with when dealing with a special need co-ordinator. It is important that the special needs co-ordinator support both the child and the family this is because the family may feel neglected into the stages of the child development so it is important that the professional at all times informs the parent of what happening with the child (Lindsay and Dockrell, 2000)   It is essential that the professional make sure that the child needs and want are paramount this is important because the professional needs to make sure that certain barrier are not crossed and know what the limits are. For example the child may feel enhinder by the special needs co-ordinator because he/she is sitting to close to the child and the child may feel that he/she is not getting treated the same, this could be a result of peer pressure through being teased by the other children (Croll and Moss, 2000)   There are many different approaches that can by used when supporting a client who is going through the counselling process, some of which include the psychodynamic, humanistic and behavioural approach. However for the purpose of this essay, it will be focusing on the psychodynamic approach, which focus on the border picture of the therapeutic approaches (This session was introduced in the counselling module in Week 8 on 24/11/10) (The Counsellors Guide, 2011). For example the psychodynamic approach would by used on a child to try to get them to bring their feeling to the surface, so that the child is understood and can experience their feelings (Hood, 2008) The Psychodynamic approach looks at the principle of that everyone has an unconscious mind. It believes that everyone who has a feeling which is held by the unconscious   part of the mind find it painful to face their feeling. An example of this within children are that children can become very in-denial of their illness or condition. The development of psychodynamic therapy was introduced by a man called Sigmund Freud (Shaver and Mikulincer, 2005) This approach identified that the humans personality can be divided into three components of the Id, Super-Ego and Ego, through the three domains of the mental activity of the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious (Segrist, 2009). For example the special needs co-ordinator will chose a specific art activity as a way of looking at how the development in the childhood process has had an impact on the child today (Kaplan, 2007)   The transactional analysis approach is an approach that incorporates both the theory of psychotherapy and psychology, however the transactional analysis is based on a integrative model whereby it uses an element of cognitive and psychoanalytic approach but it mainly focuses on the psychoanalytic approach. The transactional analysis approach was developed by a psychiatrist Eric Berne in the late 1950s (Hargaden and Sills, 2002).    According to Berne everyone has three behavioural characterises, which are the adult, parent and child, these are referred to as ego states. The child ego states looks at the way in which the child thinks, feels and behaves from the first few years of their life. For example, for a child it will be looking at how the child has survive through life to reach the stage that they are now (Stewart, 2007) Whereas the adult ego looks at the thinking, feeling and behaviour in the way which is appropriate with what is actually here and now. For example how a persons bereavement process is after losing a love one, through the feeling, thinking and behaviour (Pitman, 1982) However the parent ego looks at how you can copy and borrow from parent and other grown-ups through a variety of social influences such as the media. An example of this would be when a child behaviour changes through a influence of a adult peer due to peer pressure or role models (Midgley, 1999)   For example this approach in relation to the child is saying that the child always has an adult inside them and can experience different characteristics, for example they can show empathy by acting like the adult (Killick and Schaverien, 1997).    Transactional analysis is used on children so that they are able to understand their own emotions and how this affects the childs behaviour. For example the transactional analysis approach would be used on a chid who may have a speech and language difficulty by using drawing to express how the child maybe feeling. For example, when the child has drawn the picture if he/she is feeling anything different and if he/she does feel different, what is it, that is making the child feel the way that they are. If they drawing made the child feel happy what is it that made them feel that way, it could possibility be the use of the creativity used in art through the colourful drawing, then you would look at the past and ask the child how they were feeling then (Teacher.Tv, 2006).    Art is used by the transactional analysis approach for children as it provides an aid which enable the child to communicate in an creative way. This is because as the chosen child is withdrawn from the class due to a speech and language difficulty, the child is less likely to open up and express how they are feeling. Art provides a good bases for the professional to understand the child and change the way in which the child is thinking (Clarkson, 1992). An integrated art therapy exercises was used in the counselling module on the 26/01/11 through creativity by making an object out of art material to identify the process of university life in the last year. From this activity it identified that arts can bring out what the person is feeling and the way in which they can express their feeling and through through the use of art. The approaches to counselling can overlap each other for example transactional analysis and cognitive behavioural therapy according to Hann (2011) stated that both of   these approaches use a collaborative methods, this means that the child and the professional work on equal grounds. However these both do have some limitations, for example although both of the approaches look at the childs past experiences the transactional analysis approach focuss more on the childhood rather than focusing on the here and now whereas the cognitive behavioural approach look at both however it mainly focuss on the behaviour of the child and how that can change the childs thoughts and feeling (Taylor and Francis, 1977).      The transactional analysis approach itself both has it strengths and limitations. For example the strength of the approach is that it look at the childs childhood experience this is a positive as you are able to identify the root cause of the problem however this also can be seen as a disadvantage as you are not considering other factors that may have contributed to the illness such as lifestyle factors. In relation to the ego states the egos may overlap this could be seen both as a positive and a negative, it can be seen as a positive as the communication can be lost when the egos overlap this can be seen as be a negative as the child may loose trust, however it can bee seen to be positive as it considering the overlapping factor of all the egos because the child cant just have one egos sometime a child may overlap through different stages of counselling.    Overall it can be concluded that   Reference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clarkson, P (1992) Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy (An integrated approach). London: Routledge   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Croll, P and Moses, D (2000) Special Needs in Primary School.   London: Cassell à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hargaden, H and Sills, C (2002) Transactional Analysis (A Relational Perspective). Sussex: Routledge   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hann, C (2011) About Counselling/Psychotherapy [WWW]   Counselling/Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentHYPERLINK http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentpart=2HYPERLINK http://www.caroledehaancounselling.co.uk/phdi/p1.nsf/supppages/3459?opendocumentpart=2part=2 [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hegarty, S (1993) Meeting special needs in ordinary school, 2nd ed. London: Cassell Education Limited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kaplan, F.F (2007) Art Therapy and Social Action. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Killick, K and Schaverien, J (1997) Art, Psychotherapy and Psychosis. London: Routledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lindsay, G and Dockrell, J (2000) The behaviour and self-esteem of children with specific speech and language difficulties. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70 (4), pp. 583-601 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Midgley, D (1999) New Direction in Transactional Analysis Counselling. London: Free Association Book Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pitman, E (1982) Transactional Analysis: An Introduction to its Theory and Practice . Journals of Social Work, 12, pp. 47-63 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Segrist, D (2009) Whats going in your professors head? Demonstrating the Id, Ego and Superego. Teaching of Psychology, 36 (1), pp. 51-54 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shaver, P and Mikulincer, M (2005) Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39 (1), pp. 22-45 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stewart, I (2007) Transactional Analysis Counselling in Action, 3rd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Szwed, C (2007) Reconsidering the role of the primary special educational needs co-ordinator: policy, practice and further priorities. British Journal of Special Education, 34 (2), pp. 96-104 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taylor and Francis (1977) Free Paper. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 6 (4), pp. 25 146   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teacher.Tv (2006) Transactional Analysis [WWW] Teacher.Tv. Available from: http://www.teachers.tv/videos/transactional-analysis [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (2011) What is therapy? [WWW] The   British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [Accessed 28/02/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Counsellors Guide (2011) Psychodynamic Approaches to   Counselling [WWW] The Counsellors Guide. Available from: http://www.thecounsellorsguide.co.uk/psychodynamic-approaches-counselling.html [Accessed 02/03/11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wright, A (1995) Storytelling with children. Oxford: Oxford University Press   

dynamics of founder effect :: essays papers

dynamics of founder effect Populations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific region/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or technological conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals largely determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area distinctive having it’s future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders. Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is relatively easier in comparison to older founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940’s there is a collection of written knowledge about it’s inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders include white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge o f that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bushmen and Pygmies until about two thousand years ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region developed agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene pool of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europe’s founding fathers came largely within two migrations: one being farmers form the Near East about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean; the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe. The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Love as a Theme in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Essay

A German philospher by the name of Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness. † Love, therefore, can cause some madness in a person and can make him or her forget reason. What then is reason and what then is logic if love exists within the depths of one’s soul? What then is common sense if love resides in the very core of a person’s heart and it makes him or her forget the logic of things? Love is just one very simple word, and yet it embodies so much within its existence. The actual presence and existence of the word of love itself can mean so much. Everyone thinks greatly of love. It is shown through the media, ever present in the schools, neighborhood, even in commercials and in advertisements. People have defined love as to be a many thing: love makes the world go around; love moves mountains; love is blind. Love, love, love — what is it? What is it with love that people are overly ecstatic about it? How does one know if he or she is in love? Many people have said that they have fallen in love, but have they really ever known what love is? What indeed is it? What is love? Today, I would like to cite a fine example of how love has made the lives of people revolve and point out how precious it is to love and to be loved in return. Love may be the greatest thing ever expressed by mankind. It is because of love that people are able to acquire great virtues and values. It is through love that people change for the better. It is through love that the world seem so much better to live in. However, there have also been many cases wherein love has been the cause of a person’s downfall. Love, being such a wonderful feeling and emitting an exhilarating aura, can also cause such great pain, suffering, fear, anxiety, sadness, and sometimes, even death. Love in Literature The theme of love has existed in literature for a long time. Many various works that have been written by renowned writers boast of both being popular and being a great example of quality literature—Mahabharata, The Iliad and the Odyssey, the Bible, The Notebook, and Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley. Myths and legends, epic, poems, stories, novels, and plays have had love pervade within the confines of their characters, lines, settings, motifs, and themes. This is no exemption with regard to the most famous love story of all time, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Also, another example of how love can change a person is Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. Almost everyone knows the very famous story of Romeo and Juliet. It has been ingrained in the people’s minds about the lovers who cannot be lovers as their families have long been in conflict with each other. The famous play of William Shakespeare concludes in a tragedy as the lovers die in the end. Great Expectations, on the other hand, tells us a story of young Pip who gets fueled by his love for Estella and wants to succeed in life so he can be worthy for her. The novel, depending on what version of the ending a person would like to read, is either that of the happily-ever-after or that of the tragedy of love and fate unfulfilled, or maybe, that of love that is not meant to be and a fate that is meant to force them apart. The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet and Great Expectations Love as a theme is so obvious in the story of Romeo and Juliet. It has even been deemed as the greatest love story, for it embodies the strong impact between the emotion. It has shown the joys and pains of being loved. It is the theme of the play because the whole play’s existence and progress from the first act until the last act are based on the love of the two major characters—Romeo and Juliet. Moreover, by the end of the play, the death of the two lovers serves as the ultimate proof of how one can go to great lengths just because of love. By the end of the play, when Romeo and Juliet showed their families how great their love is, both the Capulets and the Montagues resolved to agree that they would end their feud with each other. Through the play, I realized that love is such a powerful emotion that a person would be willing to go to great lengths just for it. Because of love, a person will disobey his or her family and even forego his or her surname as what Juliet did when she said, â€Å"Deny thy father and refuse thy name / Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love / And I’ll no longer be a Capulet† (Shakespeare, 2000, 2. 1. 34-36), which is also one of the more famous lines of the play. Love is a great emotion that people can even go crazy because of it. I know that love should never be treated with such shallow thinking or even played or toyed with because we can see how great the impact it can bring a person—it is so great that a person may even choose death just to be with his or her loved one. At the start of the speech, I quoted Friedrich Nietzsche on how people associate madness with love, and perhaps this is true. The fault of Romeo and Juliet lies with the fact that they loved each other so much to the point of being blind fools. Is it better then to be in love to the point of being foolish or just a plain fool who is in love? I think it is better to be a fool who is in love. Why? Because when a person is greatly in love to the point of being foolish, he or she is unable to be reasoned with—his or her mind is closed off to anything, to everything. He or she will not even give a chance to listen to logic. On the other hand, when a fool is in love, he or she is merely a person who is feeling a natural emotion, and he or she may listen to reason and then he or she will disregard it. Therefore, love, should be true and pure but moderate at all times. When young Pip fell in love with the beautiful Estella, he wanted to improve himself so he can be worthy for her. Thus, because of the love that Pip feels for Estella, he wanted to become a better person. I think, most of all, that is the most important thing — that people should fall in love and the feeling that they draw from that emotion is that they would want to be better in every way — a better individual. Love can indeed move mountains — in a metaphorical sense, that is. Unlike the play, the novel also focused on other aspects of the society, whereas, the play solely revolved around love and the chaotic things it may bring to a person. Love pervaded the whole play while the novel also touched on more serious things like societal problems present in the realities of the world. Conclusion To end my speech, I would like to cite the lines of the Prince of Verona who said, â€Å"See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate / That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love† (Shakespeare, 2000. 5. 3. 307-309). Love may also be connected to extreme feelings of pain and sadness, but love can also be a cause of such great happiness and redemption after the feeling of suffering has gone. When Romeo and Juliet died, the feud of the families of the Capulet and the Montague which seemed to be forever, finally came to a halt. Likewise, when the young Pip knew for a fact that he lost Estella, and he has lost a chance of the great feeling of love and being loved. He parts with her, as what he told Estella at the end of the novel, â€Å"Glad to part again, Estella? To me, parting is a painful thing† (Dickens, 2003, p. 484). However, eventually, when both parties have realized the pains of being apart and parting, they would come to understand that it is so much better to actually like the idea of love, be in pain because of naivete and ignorance, and meet each other again one day — because it is so much better to be in love when both have opened to the value of being in love. References Dickens, C. (2003). Great expectations. New York: Penguin Classics. William, S. (2000). Romeo and Juliet. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.

Sympathy in Film essays

Sympathy in Film essays Creating sympathy is a very delicate and skilled task to perform in a motion picture. Filmmakers have to take factors in to account in order to get their message across. There are many techniques, ranging from an actors or actresses clothes and possessions to the environment in which the movie takes place in, to the set lighting, camera angle, and sound. Although, none of which is as near as important as the acting; how the star portrays his or her character. We have to believe the actor is really that person on the screen, if we are to feel emotions towards that character during a dramatic scene. A film that demonstrates this to the tee, with brilliant acting, visual effects, and sound is Braveheart. The leading/main character, William Wallace, played by Mel Gibson gives his audience a emotionally charged experience viewing this film. Without words, every look, every expression, we know exactly how he is feeling and sympathize with his pain. His first real traumatic experience comes when his newly wed wife is killed. Her throat is slit and she is tied to a pole for the town to see as an example. Meanwhile William is waiting for her at a meeting spot. We, the audience already know that shes dead, but distressfully watch as Wallace slowly becomes terrified of what could have happened, as he looks round and round for her. He soon gives up, and decides to return to the town hed last seen her. Finding her slain body tied up to the post, he falls to his knees, speechless, and we see the utter horror in his eyes, as Wallace realizes he has nothing else to live for. Looking at a proud man suddenly broken, the audience feels utter sympathy towards him and what he has lost. Mel Gibson directed in and stared in this film, which let him play the role of William Wallace in the manner he wished. The film was produced in Scotland, and was made to take place around the end of the 13th century. The s ...

Definition of Dialectology

Definition of Dialectology The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade Essay

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade - Essay Example This surge in the flow of services and goods will undoubtedly increase competition that, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the price that consumers have to pay for goods to the traders. When these elements are all combined, most economists are of the belief that global and individual economic growth will be achieved. The comparative advantage theory states that every country will produce goods at which they are extra efficient at production. So long as each country is able to produce goods that give it more comparative advantage, trade becomes mutually beneficial. One argument for free trade is specialization. Through exporting and importing goods, nations come to rely on each other for the production of services and goods at which it might not be too efficient at doing itself (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). When producers and countries are allowed to specialize in production of various services and goods, they attain more efficiency in service and goods production. It also let s individual countries produce services and goods for some things that they may have not been in a point to back when they had to produce everything they needed themselves. Specialization also allows countries, which had to provide services and goods for themselves when they were still not available via trade, to carry out other tasks. Yet another argument for free trade is efficiency. Free trade enhances a country’s efficiency, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of services and goods that country or individual can produce using the same resources (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). This encourages corporations to look for other ways of decreasing wasted resources that, in turn, decrease the production costs of goods. Various firms may also seek to increase their production because of the increased demand that will inevitably rise due to the existence of free trade. This will happen when they realize that it is possible to produce extra units at a per unit pri ce that is decreased. One more argument for free trade is an increased standard of living for the involved parties. Increased specialization and efficiency allow these parties to attain a higher living standard. As more services and goods are purchased and sold via exportation and importation, the amount of cash resources that are available in these nations can only increase. With individuals making more cash, they possess more money that they can spend on services and goods that they could use to import services and goods that can satisfy their other needs (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 12). Finally, free trade allows its participants to attain a better quality of life. Besides monetary gains to be gleaned by countries involved in free trade, economists use the argument that free trade highly improves the quality of life for its citizens. Free trade leads to the decrease in the possibility of war outbreaks, enhances the security of the nation, and leads to increased cultural enrich ment and awareness (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 13). The belief is that these countries depending on each other for services and goods are not likely to go to war with each other. Additionally, it is likely that they will rely on each other’s defense when a situation pops off. This idea of free trade also exposes individuals to various cultures that exist around the world that result in their personal enrichment. Winners in Free Trade The biggest winners in free trade agreements are transnational corporations. Free trade agreements erase tariffs, meaning that corporations pay less for them to sell their products. With reduced tariffs, for example, electronic producers can

Book review of The Holocaust in History by Michael R Marrus Essay

Book review of The Holocaust in History by Michael R Marrus - Essay Example The Holocaust in History is a book that affiliates to a broad historical perspective, which deserves a good and exhaustive reading by the students of history, if not by the lay people. Its goes without saying that Marrus did resort to an exhaustive research and documentation, to come out with this immaculately contrived introduction as to how the historians tend to write about the Holocaust. The approach of Marrus tends to emphatically highlight the need for demystifying the Holocaust, so that it may be studied as an event in the contemporary Western history. Hence in this book, Marrus has systematically summarized the available authoritative historical writings pertaining to the salient aspects of the Holocaust that are, the pivotal position and scope of anti-Semitism in Nazism, the role played by the Jewish resistance, Jewish leadership and bystanders, and collaborators. To put it simply, The Holocaust in History has less to do with the history of the Holocaust and is more about th e historiography of the Holocaust. In The Holocaust in History Marrus does delve on the centrality of anti-Semitism to Nazism, but not in a very polarized perspective as preferred by many other historians. In the preface to this well written book, Marrus classifies the literature pertaining to Holocaust in two categories, one comprising of works drafted â€Å"as witness, or in commemoration, or as a sombre warning to future generations†; and the other that were meant to be â€Å"the modes of discourse, the scholarly techniques, and the kind of analysis used for all other historical issues.† Marrus’ work, The Holocaust in History primarily focuses on the second type of literature. In this book, Marrus primarily seems to be engrossed in the task of analyzing what the other historians have so far researched and written about the facts pertaining to the Holocaust, to dig out and analyze the details of what actually happened and how it happened, and to delve on the s alient causes behind the Holocaust. Though it may certainly surprise the contemporary students and teachers of history, yet, it is a fact that significant parts of the literature that Marrus relied on while writing The Holocaust in History, ascribes to 60s or later times. This is so because Marrus believes that in the aftermath of the Holocaust, either there was a scant interest in the Holocaust, or much historical writing, scholarship and documentation about Holocaust was â€Å"ghettoized† and not balanced. It was only in the early 60s or later that the Holocaust as a topic of historical interest experienced a turning point. According to Marrus, the Holocaust claimed the lives of six million Jews, yet to limit the scope and magnitude of Holocaust to the Jewish sufferers would be an immense historical travesty (p.8). To arrive at a total and realistic relevance of the Holocaust, the historians also need to take into account the six million non-Jewish sufferers who also had to bear with the tyranny and consequences of the Holocaust (Marrus p.9). The Holocaust also claimed the lives of millions of Gypsies, Russian POWs, Spanish Republicans, Poles, Czechs, French and homosexuals (Fischel p.38). Though, it is different that the Eastern victims of the Holocaust received a different treatment as compared to the victims from the Western Europe, both from the historians and the Western political leadership. While unravelling